LLT 325 Chronology: Herodotus & background on Archaic Greece 1400-1200 Mycenean empire 1191 Sea peoples advance as far as Egypt, defeated by Ramses III ca. 1150, fall of Mycenae 1050-950 era of colonization, Asia minor (cf. Herodotus on Heraclids of Lydia). ' DARK AGE ' ca. 1000, so-called 'Dorian invasion' 800-700, rise of aristocracies; colonies to S. Italy; Homer and Hesiod 775 (trad.) Lycurgus and Spartan constitution: dual kingship, ephors (overseers), gerousia (council of elders) Spartiate assembly; subject peoples (perioikoi and helots) (events on the left in Greece; on the right in Asia and eastern Mediterranean)
Rise of Tyrants -- (7th c.) at Corinth: Cypselus 657; followed by Periander, 625 at Miletus, Thasybulus ca. 600 at Athens: Cylon attempts to seize tyranny, 632 Draco drafts law code 621 Solon's reforms 594/3 Pisistratus seizes tyranny 560; twice driven out but regains power; 546; succeeded by sons, Hippias and Hipparchus Miltiades (the younger) tyrant in the Chersonese 524-14 (briefly restored 496-3)
Pisistratids driven out 510; Cleisthenes' reforms 508
Themistocles' archonship 493/2 return of Miltiades & 1st trial Athenians, led by Miltiades victorious at Battle of Marathon 490 Reform of election for archons (by lot); generals take command from polemarch; ostracism implemented 487/6 Themistocles' decree for naval buildup 482 ostracism of Aristides |
Lydia: Gyges, 678-52, (cf. tale of Candaules' queen) Alyattes
Croesus 560-546 Persia: Cyrus conquers Lydia, Cambyses conquers Egypt, 525 Darius, 521-486
Ionians revolt, 499; Sardis burned, 498 Persians conquer Miletus 494
Death of Darius, Pisistratids at court of Xerxes, joined by Demaratus
Debate of Mardonius and Artabanus |
480 Naval battle at Artemisium; Spartans under Leonidas make a stand at Thermopylae. Sept. 480 Battle of Salamis: Eurybiades commands Greek fleet strategy of Themistocles prevails. Persian main column withdraws. 479 Mardonius defeated at Plataea by Greek forces led by Spartan regent Pausanias; Persian force in Ionia defeated at Mycale by Spartan king Leotychidas; Ionians revolt.