Easy aorist warm-up
The so-call '1st Aorist' or Sigma-aorist is constructed as follows:
(1) augment (except infinitives, etc.)
(2) present stem (some with slight modifications)
(3) + σα (except active 3rd sing. s/he)
(4) 'secondary endings' (same as 2nd aorist but without the 'thematic vowel')
|
present part |
aorist base (aug. + pres. stem + σα) |
endings (active) |
middle |
|
ἀκουω
κελευω
λύ-ω
|
ἠ-κου-σα
ἐ-κελευ-σα
ἐ-λύ-σα |
-- -ς -ε ( ἤκου-σε, κτλ.) -μεν -τε -ν |
-μην *σο (-σα-σο --> σω) -το -μεθα -σθε -ντο |
Οf course most consonant-stems undergo the usual changes combining with -s- (the ones we studied for future)
| labials | dentals | velars (back) & -ττ- | |
| voiceless | π | τ | κ |
| voiced | β | δ / ζ** | γ |
| aspiratε | φ | θ | χ |
| + -s- | ψ | σ | ξ |
** Note, -z- also a dental, simplifies to -s-
|
present part |
aorist base (aug. + pres. stem + σα) |
endings (active) |
middle |
|
πέμπω
σπεύδω
κομίζω
λέγ-ω
πράττω
|
ἔ-πεμψα
ἐ-σπευσα
ἐ-κομισα
ἐ-λεξα
ἐ-πραξα |
-- -ς -ε ( ἤκου-σε, κτλ.) -μεν -τε -ν |
-μην *σο (-σα-σο --> σω) -το -μεθα -σθε -ντο |
And vowel stems lengthen the vowel: τιμά-ω --> ἐτίμη-σα, φιλέ-ω --> ἐφίλη-σα
|
present part |
aorist base (aug. + pres. stem + σα) |
endings (active) |
middle |
|
βοα-ω
φιλε-ω
τιμα-ω
ἀπορέω
* ἐθέλω (as tho' -εω) |
ἐ-βοησα
ἐ-φιλησα
ἐ-τιμησα
ἠπορησα
ἠθελησα |
-- -ς -ε ( ἡκου-σε, κτλ.) -μεν -τε -ν |
-μην *σο (-σα-σο --> σω) -το -μεθα -σθε -ντο |