tense/sense

     active

                passive

present

translate as in English,

with –ing:

dans, dantis = giving

imperitans = governing

ducentibus fatis

(= ‘with fates leading’)

quaerentem sedes

          = seeking seat/abode

present stem

    (from 1st or 2nd part)

+ -nt- + 3rd decl. endings:

do, da-re --> dans      da-nt-es/ia

 gen.         da-nt-is         da-nt-ium

dat.           da-nt-i          da-nt-ibus

acc.        da-nt-em       da-nt-es/ia

abl.        da-nt-e/i          da-nt-ibus

[[no true present passive, but NB: deponents also form pres. participles:

e.g., patior, pati, passus -->patiens

cf.     labor,  labi,  lapsus

--> labe-ns    labe-nt-es, etc.

as in praef. 9, labente disciplinā

(‘with discipline declining’)]]

perfect

English =(having been) + passive participle, done, given, trusted, etc.

no perfect active form, but (semi-)deponents give sense

e.g. locutus having spoken

reor--> ratus,  having thought

from semi-dep,  dif-fido, -fidere,

 dif-fisus = dis-trusting,

               lacking faith in

= 4th part (of active verbs, no true passive for deponents)

e.g. Troiā captā,  (abl.) = with Troy (having been) captured

patriā crematā = w/ fatherland burned

future

English = (about) to (be)

but remember, future passive best translated as gerund(ive)

stem from 4th part +

-urus, -a, um

e.g. morituri te salutamus

‘we (who are) about to die...’

pres. stem (from 1st/2nd parts) +

-ndus, -a, -um

e.g. (gen.) finiendi erroris, lit. =

 ‘(hope for) wandering to be ended’

condendae urbi  ‘for a city to be founded’ = for founding a city