Late Nineteenth Century
Urban Culture
and Political Economy

New Immigrants
      -Southern and Eastern Europe
           -Italians
           -Jews
           -Slavs
                -Poles
                -Czechs

Working Conditions
      -Living Conditions

Politics
      -Bosses
      -Tammany Hall (NYC)
      -George Washington Plunkitt
           -Honest Graft  

Social Darwinism
     -Charles Darwin,Origin of Species (1859)
                -Adapt to Environment
                -Natural Selection
     -Herbert Spencer
                -Survival of the Fittest
     -William Graham Sumner,
                -What the Social Classes Owe Each Other (1883)

Laissez-Faire Capitalism
          -Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations (1776)
                -Self-Love (Selfishness, Self-Interest)
                    -Invisible Hand

Gospel of Wealth
          -Andrew Carnegie,
                -"Wealth" North American Review (1889)       
                -Gospel of Wealth (1901)
                      -"Godliness is in League with Riches"    

Immigration, 1865-1920