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| Bryan, Ferald Joseph. "Thomas E.
Watson Versus Henry W. Grady: The Rhetorical Struggle for the Mind of the
South, 1880-1890." Ph.D. dissertation (Speech Communication),
University of Missouri - Columbia, 1985.
DAI, 47, no. 02A, (1985): 0344.
Watson and Grady presented two divergent visions for the economic
future of the South. Grady
called for diversification of southern agriculture, financial dependency
on northern investors, and political unity among middle-class whites in
unquestioning support of the Democratic Party.
Watson asked poor farmers to stay economically independent on the
farm and join in political unity with poor blacks against the political
and economic stranglehold of northern bankers and political leaders.
Watson's Populist metaphors offered hope to those poor black and
white farmers ignored by the New South mentality. Degler, Carl N. The Other South:
Southern Dissenters in the Nineteenth century. New York: Harper &
Row, 1974. Denton, William Henry. "The Impact
of Populism Upon the Southern Educational Awakening" Ph.D.
Dissertation (Education), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,
1965. DeSantis, Vincent P. Republicans
Face the Southern Question: The New Departure Years, 1877-1897. 275
p., maps. Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political
Science. Series 77 No. 1. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins P, 1959.
Good on Populists, Republicans and Fusion in the South. Grantham, Dewey W., Jr. "The One-Party South." Current History 1957 32(189): 261-266. The chief architects of the "New South" were the "Redeemers" (or "Bourbons") who rescued it from radical Republican rule. Populists, disfranchisers, demagogues, and social conservatives of the present day also placed their stamp on the current political structure of the South. America: History and Life, 0:3931 Grantham, Dewey. "Conceptualizing
the History of Modern Southern Politics." History Teacher 1983
17(1): 9-32. The political
culture of the modern South has developed in three stages. Flux and
instability from 1865 to 1900, in the aftermath of the Populist upheaval
of the 1890s, the one-party Solid South emerged, and the devolution from
the Solid South after 1948. Harvey, Paul. "Southern Baptists
and the Social Gospel: White Religious Progressivism in the South,
1900-1925." Fides et Historia 1995 27(2): 59-77. Those who advocated a public role for
religious people and their institutions in reforming and regulating human
institutions found poor soil among Southern Baptists in the early 20th
century. The movement was
essentially Northern and urban. The
small successes that reformers had were generally outside the traditional
denominations and often allied to progressive or populist political
movements that considered religion marginal or even a hindrance to
progress. Hyman, Michael R. The
Anti-Redeemers: Hill-Country Political Dissenters in the Lower South from
Redemption to Populism. Baton Rouge and London: LSU Press, 1990.
Anti-Redeemers agitated railroad regulation, tax reform, and a
larger role for government. The
political dissidents of 1870s and 1880s influenced and helped shape
Populists' agenda. Derived from "Response to Redeemer Rule: Hill
Country Political Dissent in the Post-Reconstruction South." 388 p.
Ph.D. dissertation, CUNY, 1986. DAI
1986 47(4):1460-A. DA8614682. Jeffrey, Julie Roy. "Women in the Southern Farmers' Alliance: A Reconsideration of the Role and Status of Women in the Late Nineteenth Century South." Feminist Studies 1975 3(1/2): 72-91. The activities of the Southern Farmers' Alliance in North Carolina illustrate the organization's general attitude toward women. The Alliance rejected the traditional female stereotype of pale fragile gentility and encouraged female participation in its affairs, and proposed education and economic equality for women. Women's goals, however, existed within the framework of renewing southern agriculture. Although the Alliance enlarged the traditional view of women, encouraged education and participation, it did not go further toward female equality outside farm life. America: History and Life, 15A:2350 Kendrick, Benjamin B. "Agrarian
Discontent in the South: 1880-1900." Annual Report of the American
Historical Association for the Year 1920. pp. 267-72. Washington,
D.C.: GPO, 1925. Suggests
need for further research along this line.
Lists causes of Southern discontent as low social status in 1890
(as compared to 1860) and lien law system, which was unique to southern
agriculture. Kousser, J. Morgan. The Shaping of
Southern Politics: Suffrage Restrictions and the Establishment of the
One-Party South, 1880-1910. New Haven: Yale UP, 1974.
Disfranchisement was intended by political elites to eliminate
Populists (both black and white) and Populist-like movements, rather than
just eliminate blacks. Lipartito, Kenneth J. "The New
York Cotton Exchange and the Development of the Cotton Futures
Market." Business History Review 1983 57(1): 50-72.
The principal cotton merchants of New York City established the New
York Cotton Exchange in 1871. During
the 1890's criticism of futures trading swelled in the midst of the
Populist protest of the era, but after the turn of the century criticism
faded. McMath, Robert C., Jr. Populist
Vanguard: A History of the Southern Farmers' Alliance. Chapel Hill: U
of North Carolina P, 1975. 221 pp. The Alliance thrived best in unsettled
frontier-like conditions which encouraged new forms of social
organization. The Alliance
was like a church, fulfilling religious functions such as integration of
the individual with neighbors, interpretation of events, and reinforcement
of group values. Olzak, Susan. "The Political Context of Competition: Lynching and Urban Racial Violence, 1882-1914." Social Forces 1990 69(2): 395-421. Economic slumps that affected the least-skilled workers increased rates of both lynching and urban racial violence, as did rising competition from immigration. The Populist challenge to one-party rule and the changing fortunes of the cotton economy increased the incidence of lynchings. America: History and Life, 29:12682 Palmer, Bruce. "Man Over
Money': The Southern Populist Critique of American Populism. Chapel
Hill: UNC Press, 1980. Southern
Populists launched a strong rhetorical against the capitalist system even
though they believed in the benefits of private property and the market
economy. _____. "The Roots of Reform:
Southern Populists and their Southern History." Red River Valley
Historical Review 1979 4(2): 33-62.
The southern Populists' view of the history of the South was quite
different from the mainstream version. _____. "Southern Populists
Remember: The Reform Alternative to Southern Sectionalism." Southern
Studies 1978 17(2): 131-149. Southern
Populists of the late 19th century looked upon the antebellum South with
neither nostalgia for the Old South nor admiration for the
industrialization of the New South. They were hostile to any form of
aristocracy, opposed sectionalism, were antimonopoly and pro-Greenback,
and were concerned with the effects of black slavery on white labor. They
viewed the Civil War as necessary to destroy slavery and criticized their
own period of the 1890's for enslaving blacks and whites in the new
industrialization. Paul, Brad Alan. "Rebels of the
New South: The Socialist Party in Dixie, 1892--1920." Ph.D.
dissertation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 1999.
DAI, 60, no. 11A (1999). Socialist
Party activity in the American South was anchored in the remnants of
populism and fueled by socialist organizing efforts. Peal, David. "The Politics of Populism: Germany and the American South in the 1890s." Comparative Studies in Society and History 1989 31(2): 340-362. A comparison of the first anti-Semitic movement in the German Reichstag of the 1890's with Populism in the American South. Both movements mobilized small farmers on the margins of political and economic life and produced charismatic leaders skillful in mobilizing popular grievances. Anti-Semitism and Racism pervaded both movements and was their principal legacy. America: History and Life, 27:14021 Raybon, S. Paul. "Stick By the Old
Paths: An Inquiry into the Southern Baptist Response to Populism." American
Baptist Quarterly 1992 11(3): 231-245.
Baptist ministers in the South rejected Populism and the Social
Gospel. Sermons and Baptist newspapers insisted that the cure to the
problem was hard work.
America: History and Life, 31:3132 Schlup, Leonard. "Democrats,
Populists and Gilded Age Politics." Manuscripts 1998 50(1):
27-40. Democrats of the Gilded Age South were greatly concerned by the
popularity of the Populist Party and the intransigence of Republicans. Schlup, Leonard. "Adlai E.
Stevenson and Southern Politics in 1892." Mississippi Quarterly
1993-94 47(1): 58-78. Adlai
E. Stevenson (1835-1914), grandfather of Adlai E. Stevenson II, played an
important role as the vice-presidential candidate in the election of 1892
by helping the Democrats fight off the Populist challenge.
America: History and Life, 32:15287 Simms, L. Moody, Jr. "A Note on Sidney Lanier's Attitude Toward the Negro and Toward Populism." Georgia Historical Quarterly 1968 52(3): 305-307. Traces the Southern Populist attitude toward the Negro to an essay by Sidney Lanier entitled "The New South." Published in 1880, this essay advocated that the political unity of the small farmers of the South, black and white alike, was more important than maintaining the tradition of racial antagonism. By the 1890's, Southern Populists, especially Tom Watson, successfully promoted these same ideas. America: History and Life, 6:1159 Tindall, George B. The Persistent
Tradition in Southern Politics. (Walter Lynwood Fleming Lectures in
Southern History). Baton Rouge: LSU Press, 1975. 71 pp. Bourbons provided
the thesis, Populists the antithesis.
Progressives worked out the synthesis by adopting Populist ideas of
active government, but were conservative enough to be legitimate heirs to
Bourbonism. _____."Southern Strategy: A
Historical Perspective," North Carolina Historical Review.
48(2):126-141. Spring 1971. Williams, T. Harry. "Huey, Lyndon,
and Southern Radicalism." Journal of American History.
60(2):267-93. 1973. Products
of non-affluent families from radical areas.
Strove for economic equality for whites, both would also extend to
blacks. Ed. Note: LBJ's
grandfather helped found the People's Party in Texas.
_____. Romance and Realism in
Southern Politics. 84 p. Lamar Memorial Lectures, 1960. Athens: U of
Georgia P, 1961. "The
Politics of Populism and Progressivism," pp. 44-84. Woodward, C. Vann. Origins of the
New South. 451 p. Baton Rouge: LSU P, 1951. Excellent account of
southern Populism, and indispensable bibliography.
_____. The Strange Career of Jim
Crow. New York; Oxford UP, 1974. _____. The Burden of Southern
History. 250 p. Revised edition, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State U P,
1968. See particularly,
"The Populist Heritage and the Intellectuals." |