Alabama
|
Back to Bibliography |
Home
|
Atkins, Leah R.
"Populism in Alabama: Reuben F. Kolb and the Appeals to Minority
Groups." Alabama Historical Quarterly. 32(3-4): 167‑80.
Fall/Winter 1970. Jews and Catholics were ignored.
Although the African-American vote was important, there was no
indication they would have been included at all levels of party activities
had Populists succeeded in 1894, even though Kolb had made an open appeal
for their votes. Kolb had
19th-century white southern racial attitudes.
America: History and Life,
10:2463
Bagwell,
David Ashley. "'The Magical Process': The Sayer Election Law of
1893." Alabama Review. 25(2):83-104. 1972.
The intent of the law was to "establish an intricate procedure
and partisan election officials in order to place the votes of Negroes in
the conservative column." The
Australian ballot forced illiterate voters to depend on election judges.
Barr, Alwyn. "B.J. Chambers (1817-1919): Bourbon Apologist." Alabama
Review. 216‑25. July 1967.
Bates,
Joel Leontz, "Politics in Bullock County from 1890-1900."
Masters thesis, University of Alabama, 1942.
Cammack,
Ruth S. "Reuben Francis Kolb: His Influence on Agriculture in
Alabama." Master's
thesis, Alabama Polytechnic Institute, 1941.
Kolb was popular Alliance leader in Alabama.
Clark,
John Bunyan. Populism in Alabama. Auburn: Auburn Printing Company,
1927. 196 pp. Derived from
Ph.D. dissertation, New York U, 1926.
Reuben Kolb led Populist‑Republican fusion against machine
domination.
Cole,
Houston. "Populism in Tuscaloosa County." Master's thesis, U of
Alabama, 1927.
Daniel,
Michael Jackson. "Red Hills and Piney Woods: A Political History of
Butler County, Alabama, in the Nineteenth Century." Ph.D.
dissertation, University of Alabama, 1985.
DAI, 46, no. 07A, (1985): 2051.
Antebellum Butler County had a strong two-party system.
Both Populists and Democrats battled eagerly for the black vote,
which threatened white supremacy in the 1890s.
Democrats eventually disfranchised blacks with the Alabama
constitution of 1901.
Devine,
Jerry Wayne. "Free Silver and Alabama Politics, 1890-1896."
Ph.D. dissertation, Auburn University, 1980.
DAI, 41, no. 01A, (1980): 0367.
Populism in Alabama represented little ideological departure from
the conservative theory of government championed by most state Democratic
leaders. When a coalition of
silverite and progressive Democrats repudiated the conservative leadership
and the national party espoused most of the Populist platform under the
banner of free silver, the insurgent movement began to wane. The ascendant
silver Democrats allowed both former Populists and their conservative
antagonists to rejoin the state party after 1896.
Doster,
James F. "Were Populists Against Railroad Corporations? The Case of
Alabama." Journal of Southern History 1954 20(3): 395-399.
The leaders of the Alliance and Populist movements in Alabama were
not hostile to railroads or other corporations.
Reuben F. Kolb, befriended railroad interests and rejected
government ownership of railroads. Even
Populists in the legislature made no effort to curb railroads.
America: History and Life,
0:4710
Going,
Allen J. "Alabama Bourbonism and Populism Revisited." Alabama
Review 36(2): 83-109. 1983.
_____.
Bourbon Democracy in Alabama, 1874-1890. 256 pp. University,
Alabama: U of Alabama P, 1951.
Goode,
Richard C. "The Godly Insurrection in Limestone County: Social
Gospel, Populism, and Southern Culture in the Late Nineteenth
Century." Religion and American Culture 1993 3(2): 155-169.
The social gospel was the main factor in the emergence of the
Alliance and Populist Party. The
Alliance, however, was not linked to denominational religion, which
supported the status quo.
America: History and Life,
31:11792
Hackney,
Sheldon. Populism to Progressivism in Alabama. 390 pp. Princeton:
Princeton UP, 1969. Populists
were neither revolutionaries nor reformers, but had a static and
provincial view of society. Derived from Ph.D. dissertation, "From
Populism to Progressivism in Alabama, 1890-1910." Yale U, 1966. 441
pp.
Harris,
D. Alan. "Campaigning in the Bloody Seventh: The Election of 1894 in
the Seventh Congressional District." Alabama Review 1974
27(2): 127-138. Ballot stuffing and electoral fraud failed to blunt the
Populist tide as Milford W. Howard beat agrarian Democrat William H.
Denson. Denson's tactics and charges actually enhanced Howard's image and
popularity.
America: History and Life,
12A:1615
Harris,
David A. "The Political Career of Milford W. Howard, Populist
Congressman from Alabama." Master's thesis, Auburn U, 1957.
Hearn,
Thomas Kermet. "The Populist Movement in Marshall County."
Master's thesis, U of Alabama, 1935.
Alabama local history.
Hill,
Luther Lister. "Reuben Kolb and the Populist Revolt in Alabama."
Senior thesis, Princeton U, 1957.
Horton,
Paul. "Testing the Limits of Class Politics in Postbellum Alabama:
Agrarian Radicalism in Lawrence County." Journal of Southern
History 1991 57(1): 63-84. Lawrence
County had a strong Unionist tradition from the Civil War.
The rise of the Agricultural Wheel raised the issue whether class
politics (blacks-whites cooperation on economics) or race politics would
dominate. The
disenfranchisement of Alabama blacks in 1901 ended any potential alliance
between whites and blacks along economic lines.
America: History and Life,
12A:1615
Jackson,
Harvey H., III. "The Mitcham War." Alabama Heritage 1992
(25): 32-43. An armed invasion of Mitcham Beat in north-central Clarke
County (rural SW Alabama) by "establishment" elements to assert
political control engendered class hostilities that endured well into the
20th century.
America: History and Life,
31:3331
Jenkins,
William H. "Independent Political Movements in Alabama Since
1880." Master's thesis, Emory U, 1931.
Jones,
Thomas Goode. "The 1890‑92 Campaigns for Governor of
Alabama." Alabama Historical Quarterly. 20:656‑83.
Winter 958.
Letwin, Daniel.
"Interracial Unionism, Gender, and "Social Equality" in the
Alabama Coalfields, 1878-1908." Journal of Southern History
1995 61(3): 519-554. The
Greenback Party, Knights of Labor, and United Mine Workers all advocated a
qualified form of interracialism in the coal fields of Alabama.
The absence of white women made interracial unionism possible. The sanctity of white womanhood was a crucial factor in
promoting segregation.
America: History and Life,
33:9480
Manning, Joseph
Columbus. From Five to Twenty-Five. 89 pp. New York: T.A. Hebbons,
1929. Early years of a noted Alabama Populist and editor of Alabama
Reformer.
Martin,
Henry Pelham. "A History of Politics in Clay County During the Period
of Populism from 1888‑1896." Master's thesis, U of Alabama,
1936.
Moore,
Albert Burton. History of Alabama. Nashville: U of Alabama, 1934.
Devotes some space to Populism; Negro and Populism.
Nolan,
Terence Hunt. "William Henry Skaggs and the Reform Challenge of
1894." Alabama Historical Quarterly. Summer 1971 33(2):
116-134. Skaggs was Alabama
Populist campaign chairman. Skaggs
spoke against convict labor in mines, in favor of lien laws favoring
workers, honest weights and measures, and elimination of the Sayre
Election Law. America:
History and Life, S:7033
Pruett, Katharine M. and
Fair, John D. "Promoting a New South: Immigration, Racism, and
'Alabama on Wheels'" Agricultural History 1992 66(1): 19-41.
Alabama on Wheels was a traveling railroad exhibit in the 1880's
designed to attract white immigrants to the state as an alternative labor
supply to freed blacks. Reuben
F. Kolb hoped white immigrants would displace "decadent Negroes"
whom Kolb believed were responsible for the poverty of the South.
Xenophobia thwarted the immigration that Kolb wanted.
America: History and Life,
30:10121
Pruitt,
Paul, Jr. "A Changing of the Guard: Joseph C. Manning and Populist
Strategy in the Fall of 1894." Alabama Historical Quarterly
1978 40(1-2): 20-36. Details
the attempt of Joseph C. Manning, 1892-96, to unite Populists against
Kolb's Jeffersonian Democratic machine.
America: History and Life,
18A:2744
Pruitt,
Paul M., Jr. Taming Alabama : Lawyers and Reformers, 1804-1929. Tuscaloosa:
University of Alabama Press, 2010. Chapter Six is a biography of
Joseph C. Manning containing new material. Chapter Five is a biography
of Manning's protagonist, Governor Thomas Goode Jones.
Pruitt,
Paul McWhorter, Jr. "Joseph C. Manning, Alabama Populist: A Rebel
Against the Solid South." Ph.D. dissertation, College of -William and
Mary, 1980. DAI, 41, no. 08A, (1980): 3686.
Manning was hampered by the more conservative leadership of Reuben
Kolb and by voting frauds. He
called for "A Free Ballot and a Fair Count."
In 1894, Manning invited the Alabama GOP to join Populists in
requesting a congressional investigation of state politics. He joined the GOP in 1896, when the disruption of Populism
became certain. Later in life
he wrote civil rights pamphlets and worked for the NAACP.
Rodabaugh,
Karl Louis. "Agrarian Ideology and the Farmers' Revolt in
Alabama." Alabama Review 1983 36(3):195-217.
Describes the ideology
of the agrarians and their dissatisfaction with the corrupt
courthouse-ring governments which led to the entrance of the Farmer's
Alliance into Alabama politics in 1890.
America: History and Life,
21A:5162
_____.
"The Alliance in Politics: The Alabama Gubernatorial Election of
1891." Alabama Historical Quarterly. 36(1): 54-80. 1974.
Reuben Kolb moved the Farmers' Alliance into politics in 1890
suggested a list of grievances for farmers.
Establishment Democrats raised the race question.
Kolb lost the gubernatorial nomination to Thomas G. Jones, which
dashed Alliance hopes.
America: History and Life,
14A:5356
_____. "Fusion,
Confusion, Defeat and Disfranchisement: The 'Fadeout of Populism' in
Alabama." Alabama Historical Quarterly. 1972 34(2): 131-53.
The Democratic Party destroyed the political power of the Populists
and the Republicans using the race issue.
America: History and Life,
S:7034
_____. "'Kolbites'
Versus Bourbons: The Alabama Gubernatorial Election of 1892." Alabama
Historical Quarterly. 1975 37(4):275-321.
Democrat Thomas Goode Jones defeated Alliance-backed Reuben F.
Kolb. Portrayed as agriculture versus industry.
America: History and Life,
21A:5162
_____.
"The Prelude to Populism in Alabama." Alabama Historical
Quarterly 1981 43(2): 111-152. In
the 1890's the Alabama Democratic Party splintered.
Agricultural and railroad problems were the primary factors.
America: History and Life,
20A:2689
_____. "The
Turbulent Nineties: The Agrarian Revolt and the Alabama Politics."
307 p. Ph.D. dissertation, U of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 1981.
307 pages. DAI, 42,
no. 11A, (1981): 4908. Bourbon
leaders adopted the ideals of the new "corporate culture," they
showed less concern for the local-oriented agrarian lifestyle of the
state's white small farmers. Local
courthouse rings (merchants and middlemen) allied themselves with the
farmers' adversaries in the outside world.
Even the appeal of white supremacy could not hold agrarians once
the Southern Farmers' Alliance offered economic hope through cooperative
endeavors and a compelling agrarian ideology which celebration of the
agricultural lifestyle as the nonmaterialistic, God-created opposite of
the Bourbon's spiritually corrupt "New South Creed."
Rogers, William Warren,
"Alabama's Reform Press: Militant Spokesman for Agrarian
Revolt." Agricultural History 1960 34(2):62-70.
Alliance and Populist-supported began appearing in 1887.
Many of the papers were short-lived because farmers could not
afford them and advertisers avoided them.
Generally, they called for ballot-box reform, free silver, and
greater opportunities for the agricultural class.
Lists a number of reform papers.
America: History and Life,
0:4719
_____.
"The Agricultural Wheel in Alabama." Alabama Review 1967
20(1): 5-16. The Agricultural
Wheel came to Alabama in 1886, and lasted until 1889 when it merged with
the Farmers' Alliance. It
endorsed cooperative manufacturers, attacked the Interstate Commerce
Commission, the Alabama State Railroad Commission, and the State
legislature for failure to take action against the Louisville and
Nashville Railroad.
_____.
"Colonel James M. Whitehead, Agrarian Editor of the Deep South."
Alabama Historical Quarterly 1963 25(3/4): 280-286.
Colonel James M. Whitehead edited the Greenville, Alabama, Living
Truth, the "most bombastic" of the state's reform (Populist)
papers. He was election
president of the Alabama Reform Press Association in 1895.
The Living Truth reached the height of its popularity after
1896, as other reform papers closed.
America: History and Life,
3:871
_____.
"The Farmers' Alliance in Alabama." Alabama Review.
15:5‑18. January 1962.
_____. "The Negro
Alliance in Alabama." Journal of Negro History 1960 45(1):
38-44. Negro alliances
generally had the strong sympathy and support of the white alliances, with
which they cooperated. Both
black and white alliances declined sharply after 1891 when they began to
neglect their economic programs and became involved in politics.
America: History and Life,
0:4720
_____.
The One-Gallused Rebellion: Agrarianism in Alabama,1865-1896. 354
pp. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 1970.
Derived from Ph.D. dissertation, U of North Carolina.
Dissertation Abstracts, 20 (7): 2764-2765. January 1960.
Sees Alabama Populism, "a massive reaction to economic
distress," progressive.
Populists made sincere efforts to achieve permanent benefits for
Negroes.
_____.
"Reuben F. Kolb: Agricultural Leader of the New South." Agricultural
History. 32(2):109-119. April 1958.
Pioneer plant and crop developer; unsuccessful Alliance-supported
candidate for Governor of Alabama, 1892, 1894. America:
History and Life, 0:4697
Schlup, Leonard.
"Adlai E. Stevenson and the 1892 Campaign in Alabama." Alabama
Review 1976 29(1): 3-15. Vice-presidential
nominee Adlai E. Stevenson campaigned in five southern states, including
Alabama. He portrayed the
Federal Elections Bill (1890) as a threat to white southern society, and
indicative of Republican actions should they recapture the White House.
His efforts successfully neutralized the Populist challenge.
America: History and Life,
14A:5357
Shafner,
Jerrell H. and Rogers, William Warren. "Joseph C. Manning: Militant
Agrarian, Enduring Populist." Alabama Historical Quarterly
Spring-Summer 1967 29(1 and 2): 5-37.
Manning differed from many populist leaders in that he retained his
views throughout his life. Manning advocated free elections and majority rule.
He saw the Constitution of 1901 as a Democratic Party effort to
prevent needed reform.
America: History and Life,
7:819
Smith, O.P. "Farm
Organizations in Alabama from 1872‑1907." Master's thesis,
Alabama Polytechnic Institute, 1940.
Sparkman,
John J. "The Kolb-Oates Campaign of 1894."
Master's thesis, U of Alabama, 1936.
Gen. Wm. Oates, Democrat, v. Commissioner Kolb, Populist, in
race for Governor. Kolb lost this disputed election.
Steely, Leathis. "Populism in Birmingham and Jefferson County." M.A.
thesis, U of Alabama, 1927.
Stone,
Olive M. "Agrarian Conflict in Alabama."
Ph.D. thesis (Economics), U of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C.,
1939.
Summersell,
Charles G. "A Life of Reuben F. Kolb." M.A. thesis, U of
Alabama, 1930. Kolb, Alabama
Commissioner of Agriculture and Alliance leader‑hero, sought
Democratic nomination for Governor in 1890.
_____. "The Alabama
Governor's Race in 1892." Alabama Review. 8:5-35. January
1955. The campaign and
election defeat of Reuben F. Kolb.
Webb,
Samuel L., Two-Party Politics in the One-Party South : Alabama's Hill
Country, 1874-1920. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1997. 263
p. Derived from,
"Two-Party Politics in the One-Party South: Alabama Hill Country,
1880-1920." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Arkansas, 1991.
DAI, 52, no. 08A. Most early twentieth century hill country Republicans did not
have Unionist roots, but came from the Populist movement.
They had supported Independent movements in the 1880s.
The older Unionist base of the GOP often cooperated with
Independents and Populists to defeat Democrats in local elections.
Republican parties in the hills, with Populist bases, created
vibrant two-party systems. Populists-turned-Republicans
continued to support reform movements during the progressive period.
Roosevelt attracted old Populists because he attacked the corporate
and financial power of the East.
_____.
"From Independents to Populists to Progressive Republicans: The Case
of Chilton County, Alabama, 1880-1920." Journal of Southern
History 1993 59(4): 707-736. In
the Jacksonian tradition of protest against elite control, ex-Populists
turned to the reform wing of the Republican Party to fight the reactionary
policies of the Democratic Party in Alabama. They were ardent supporters
of Theodore Roosevelt and should be seen as reformers, not reactionaries,
as Sheldon Hackney claimed.
America: History and Life,
32:8239 |