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| Bates, J. Leonard.
"Politics and Ideology: Thomas J. Walsh and the Rise of
Populism." Pacific Northwest Quarterly. 65(2):45-56. 1974.
Clinch, Thomas A. Urban
Populism and Free Silver in Montana: A Narrative of Ideology and Political
Action 190 p. Helena, Montana, U of Montana P, 1970.
Montana's Populists were miners, but shared the goals of other
populists. Derived from
Clinch's Ph.D. Dissertation, "Populism and Bimetalism in
Montana." U of Oregon, 1964. Dissertation
abstracts, 25:10:5878. Cushman, Dan. "Cordova Lode
Comstock." Montana 1959 9(4): 12-21. Describes the history of
the twin silver camps of Granite and Philipsburg between 1865 and 1893.
Founded by a group of wandering prospectors, the towns grew to rapid
prosperity but were ruined when the Indian Mints were closed to free
coinage in June 1893, and the international silver market collapsed. Hurt, R. Douglas. "Populist-Endorsed Judges and the Protection of Western Labor." Journal of the West 1978 17(1): 19-26. Populist-endorsed judges of state supreme courts in Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, Washington, and Montana, 1893-1902 were pro-labor. America: history and life, 17a:2820 _____. "The Populist
Judiciary: Election Reform and Contested Offices." Kansas History
1981 4(2): 130-141. The
People's Party of the 1890's appreciated that the reforms it supported
would have to secure judicial approval, and for this reason it endorsed
the election of eight friendly judicial candidates in Kansas, Montana,
Washington, Nebraska, and Colorado. In due course, these judges were
called upon to decide cases arising from laws and circumstances concerning
the Australian ballot, woman's suffrage, and contested offices. These
Populist-endorsed judges decided such cases on the basis of legal
procedures and technicalities rather than on the basis of ideology or
partisan politics. Lang, William L. "One Path
to Populism: Will Kennedy and the People's Party of Montana." Pacific
Northwest Quarterly 1983 74(2): 77-86.
During the 1880s, Kennedy gradually moved away from the GOP and
adopted an independent political course. By 1889, he utilized his
newspaper, the Boulder Age, to lobby for Henry George's single tax
idea and the secret ballot. He
became a Populist in 1892 and promoted a number of its reforms.
Kennedy moved to Arizona in 1895, and died in 1897.
Roeder, Richard B. "Crossing
the Gender Line: Ella L. Knowles, Montana's First Woman Lawyer." Montana
1982 32(3): 64-75. Ella L.
Knowles became Montana's first woman lawyer in 1889.
She established a practice in Helena, and ran unsuccessfully as the
Populist candidate for attorney general in 1892. Her Republican opponent, Henry J. Haskell afterward appointed
her assistant attorney general. They
married, but later divorced. Schlup, Leonard. "Gilded Age
Republican: Thomas H. Carter of Montana and the Presidential Campaign of
1892." Midwest Review 1993 15: 51-70. Thomas H. Carter rose rapid to prominence in Republican Party
councils and became chairman of the Republican national committee in 1892.
He was instrumental in getting the increasingly unpopular President
Benjamin Harrison renominated. Harrison's
defeat illustrated carter's naiveté regarding the Populist movement. White,
William Thomas. "A History of Railroad Workers in the Pacific
Northwest, 1883-1934." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington,
1981. DAI, 42, no. 12A,
(1981): 5224. In the 1890s,
the Gilded Age pattern of community support for insurgent workers achieved
its most dramatic expression in the Coxey Movement, the Great Northern
Strike, and the Pullman Strike of 1894, during which the region's
Populist, anti-railroad mood supported militant action by unemployed
railway workers and those belonging to the American Railway Union. |