The Nature of Populism:
Radical, Reform, or Retrograde
 

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Barrow, Clyde W. "Beyond Progressivism: Charles A. Beard's Social Democratic Theory of American Political Development." Studies in American Political Development 1994 8(2): 231-281.  Challenges Vernon L. Parrington's claim that Charles A. Beard's analysis of the Constitutional Convention can be integrated into Progressive and Populist criticisms to form a 20th-century liberal consensus.  Progressives saw a continuous cycle of renewal and decay.  Beard saw a dialectic process leading to social democracy. American History and Life, 34:1930.

_____. "Charles A. Beard's Social Democracy: A Critique of the Populist-Progressive Style in American Political Thought." Polity 1988 21(2): 253-276.  Beard is properly understood as a critic of Populist-Progressive theories of the American state. American History and Life, 27:4967.

_____. "Historical Criticism of the US Constitution in Populist-Progressive Political Theory." History of Political Thought [Great Britain] 1988 9(1): 111-128.  Populist-Progressive historians in the early 20th century identified the antidemocratic intent of the framers of the Constitution. They saw the radical state governments of the 1770's-80's and the Articles of Confederation as the true heirs of the American Revolution.  The adoption of the Constitution and judicial review insured the victory of aristocratic over agrarian democratic elements, and became an insuperable barrier to later democratic reformers. American History and Life, 26:12119 

Beliavskaia, I. A. "Bortsy Protiv Zakonov 'Dzhunglei' (O Dvizheniia 'Razgrebatelei Griazi' V SSHA V 1900 -E GODY) [They Fought the Laws of the "Jungle" (the "Muckrakers" Movement in the United States at the Beginning of the 1900s) ]." Novaia i Noveishaia Istoriia [USSR] 1967 11(4): 72-81. The critical articles of leading muckrakers and populist politicians were little more than petty bourgeois attacks.  But, they did strike a response in the masses and thus helped to introduce new life into the reform movement. American History and Life, 5:2653

Bell, Daniel, ed. The New American Right. 239 p. bib. New York: Criterion, 1955. These collected writings are most often cited to show the roots of American Fascism and right-wing radicalism are to be found in the Populist movement.   

_____. The Radical Right. 394 p. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1963.  An updated and expanded version of The New American Right. 1955.  

Bicha, Karel D. "A Further Reconsideration of American Populism." Mid-America. 53: 3011. January 1971.  Are historians unduly concerned with Populist ideology?    

_____. "The Conservative Populists: A Hypothesis." Agricultural History. 47(1):9‑24.  January 1973.  Populists of the Plains and Mountain States are associated with the conservative, mainstream of American reform movements.   

_____. "Some Observations on 'Ideology and Behavior: Legislative Politics and Western Populism.'" Agricultural History. 58(1):59-66. 1984.  Comments on Peter H. Argersinger, pp. 43-58.  Also see Argersinger's reply, pp. 67-69, of same number.   

_____. "Western Populists: Marginal Reformers of the 1890s." Agricultural History. 50(4):626-35. 1976.  Populists initiated and passed no more reform legislation than Democrats or Republicans.  They were not reformers.  

_____. Western Populism: Studies in an Ambivalent Conservatism. 163 p. Lawrence, Ks: Coronado P, 1976.  A compilation of previously published articles, with some new materials.  Western Populists were essentially conservative, favoring the free market, limited government, and state sovereignty.  Includes biographies of Jerry Simpson, William V. Allen, Lorenzo Lewelling, and Davis Waite, although none are presented as a representative Populist.  Analysis of legislative activity concludes Populists were no more likely to introduce reform legislation than others, and the scope of their reform interests was more limited than others.  Reviewers found analysis less than persuasive. 

Blocker, Jack  S., Jr. "The Politics of Reform: Populists, Prohibition and Woman Suffrage, 1891-1892." Historian. 34(4):614-32. 1972.  Populists subordinated moral reform to practical politics. 

Brinkley, Alan. "In Retrospect: Richard Hofstadter's Age of Reform: A Reconsideration." Reviews in American History. 13(3): 462-80. 1985. 

Burns, Stewart. "The Populist Movement and the Cooperative Commonwealth: The Politics of Non-Reformist Reform." Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1984.  DAI, 46, no. 03A, (1984): 0775.  A major reason for the Populists' defeat was their decision to put most of the movement's resources into the arena of electoral politics, thus abandoning their prior commitment to grass-roots democracy.  In order to achieve reform Populists needed to combine various aspects of grass-roots democracy with traditional forms of electoral-representative democracy, while remaining firmly grounded in the former.

Caswell, Bruce Edward. "A Democratic Republic: The Political Theory of the Populists Interpreted Through the People's Party Platform of 1892." Ph.D. dissertation (Political Science), Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick, 1985.  DAI, 46, no. 07A, (1985): 2057.  Examines the political vision of Populism through four symbols of the movement culture: people, republic, liberty, and corruption.  Populists' use of the people implies a social nature for the individual. They envisioned the expansion of the republic's functions without fear of governmental oppression.  The liberty of the individual remains at the center of Populism.  The Populists' preoccupation with the corruption of public institutions is an indication of the extent of their "public" sense.  The importance of Populism's concept of the liberal society is two-fold: as an application of equalitarian democracy to industrial America; and as the first non-socialist extension of the functions of government in American political thought with a mass constituency.  The Omaha Platform was "an exemplary statement of the radical American political ideal." 

Coleman, Peter J. "New Zealand Liberalism and the Origins of the American Welfare State." Journal of American History. 69(2):372-91. 1982. Populists Henry Demarest Lloyd and Julius Wayland influenced and were influenced by New Zealand reform, although the author refers to them as Progressives rather than Populists. 

Collins, Robert M. "The Originality Trap: Richard Hofstadter on Populism." Journal of American History 1989 76(1): 150-167.  Hofstadter's Age of Reform focused "upon what reformers thought rather than upon their political antics."  His thesis was Populism did not come from "radical ideals and real grievances" but from "irrational anxieties." Critics, especially Norman Pollack, were particularly critical of Hofstadter's emphasis on antisemitism and nativism.  Hofstadter later admitted that his ambiguity was intended to create originality, although he unintentionally overstated his point.  Although originality is fundamental to scholarship, in Hofstadter's case it blurred both the truth and the gap between "intention and execution." America: History and Life, 27:14890

Curtis, Michael; Pappalardo, Adriano, transl. "Populismo: Destra O Sinistra?" Transl/Info: ["Populism: Right or Left?"]. Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica [Italy] 1985 15(3): 455-466. Defining Populism is difficult because of problems in defining the concepts of right and left.  The heterogeneous nature of Populism prevents easily placing it along the right-left continuum.   However, it is impossible to deny the connections existing between populism and many aspects of socialist thought.  Thus, Populism cannot be considered a rightist phenomenon. America: History and Life, 26:7941

Dann, Norman Kingsford. "Concurrent Social Movements: A Study of the Interrelationships between Populist Politics and Holiness Religion." 126 p. Ph.D. dissertation (Sociology), Syracuse U, 1974.  DAI 1976 36(10):7005-A. 

Destler, Chester McArthur. American Radicalism: 1865-1901; Essays and Documents. 276 p. Chicago: Quadrangle, 1966 (reprint).   Uncovered radical eastern urban roots to a number of supposedly western agrarian proposals and stereotypes.  Populism was the radical synthesis of an ideological intercourse between city and country, East and West.   

_____. Henry Demarest Lloyd and the Empire of Reform. 657 p. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 1963.   

_____. "Western Radicalism, 1865-1901: Concepts and Origins." Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 31(3): 334-68. December 1944.  

Dethloff, Henry C. "The Longs: Revolution or Populist Retrenchment?" Louisiana History. 19(4):401-12. 1978.  Longism had its roots in Populism, but was more radical. 

Edwards, Edward C. "The Radical Populist: Midwesterner or Southerner?"  Master's thesis, University of South Dakota, 1965.
66 pp. 

Erlich, Howard S. "Populist Rhetoric Reassessed: A Paradox." Quarterly Journal of Speech 1977 63(2): 140-151.  Historians have generally denigrated Populism, finding simplistic nostalgia, a widespread belief in conspiracy, and a fear of impending apocalypse.  But, this must be balanced with Populist defense of the common man against the prevalent laissez-faire social Darwinism of big business, as well as a sincere effort to find common cause with oppressed blacks. America: History and Life, 15A:7422 

Ferkiss, Victor C. "Populist Influences on American Fascism." Western Political Quarterly 1957 10(2): 350-373.  Fascism in the United States had its roots in the Populism.  American Employs a questionable definition of Fascism.  Describes the degeneration of Populism into fascism in the form of Huey Long's Share the Wealth Movement, Father Coughlin's National Union For Social Justice, and others. America: History and Life, 0:1450

_____. "Political and Intellectual Origins of American Radicalism, Right and Left." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 344: 1-12. November 1962.  Populism is one root of present-day, right-wing radicalism.   

_____. "Populism: Myth, Reality, Current Danger." Western Political Quarterly. 14(3):737-40. September 1961.  A defense of the article "Populist Influences on American Radicalism" against criticism by Holbo, "Wheat, or What?..."  

Flower, Edward. "Anti‑Semitism in the Free Silver and Populist Movement and the Election of 1896." M.A. thesis, Columbia U, 1952.  

Freidel, Frank. "The Old Populism and the New." Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings 1973 85: 78-90.  Discusses agrarian protest, beginning with Bacon's Rebellion.  The Neo-Populism of the 1970's and the Populism of the 1890's have some commonalities. America: History and Life, 13A:2994

Gilbert, Charles E. "Operative Doctrines of Representation." American Political Science Review 1963 57(3): 604-618.  Identifies six American intellectual traditions: idealism (Woodrow Wilson), utilitarianism (Jeremy Bentham), rationalism ( A. L. Lowell and Frank Goodnow), pragmatism (John Dewey), participatorism (Mary Parker Follett), and populism.  Short critiques of each. America: History and Life, 1:127

Goodwyn. Lawrence. "The Cooperative Commonwealth and Other Abstractions." Marxist Perspectives. 3(2):8-42. 1980.  Criticism of Green's, Grass-Roots Socialism.   

_____. Democratic Promise: The Populist Moment in America. New York, Oxford U P, 1976.  Abridged as The Populist Moment: A Short History of the Agrarian Revolt in America.  349 p. Derived from Goodwyn's Ph.D. dissertation, "The Origin and Development of American   Populism. 510 p. Ph.D. dissertation, U of Texas at Austin, 1971. Dissertation Abstracts, 33:3538‑A.  The Alliance's unsuccessful experiments in cooperative buying and selling produced a mass-based "movement culture" that turned to politics in order to obtain government cooperatives with the subtreasury plan.  The subtreasury plan, not the free silver issue, thus, was the essence of Populism.  The move to emphasize free silver by a "shadow" movement pseudo-populists killed the People's Party.  Essentially reads western fusionists out of the Populist Party. 

Granjon, Marie-Christine. "Contestation et Democratie Dans l'Amerique de 20e Siecle." Transl/Info: [Conflict and Democracy in 20th-century America]. Vingtième Siècle [France] 1988 (18): 43-54.  The distance between the American dream and the reality of social inequalities has fed political and social protest in the United States since the 19th century.  Populism, Progressivism, socialism, and radicalism provide a typology shows protest is co-opted, serves to regulate American democracy, and provides a lively counterculture. America: History and Life, 26:4232 

Green, James. "Populism, Socialism and the Promise of Democracy." Radical History Review. 24:7-40. 1980.  On Goodwyn's, Democratic Promise, Green's, Grass-Roots Socialism and the modern fragmentation of the American left. 

Greenbaum, Keith Reed. "Antisemitism and Racism in Politics: The Populist Connection." PhD dissertation, Brown University, 1993. 350 pages.  DAI, 54(10A):3863.  

Hicks, John D. "The Legacy of Populism in the Western Middle West." Agricultural History. 23(4):225-36. October 1949.  Populism is a base for later radical advocacy of reform in Wisconsin, Illinois, and West North Central States.  

Hofstadter, Richard. The Age of Reform: From Bryan to FDR. 328 p. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 1955.  The most significant revisionist work on Populism.  See "The folklore of Populism," pp. 60-93.  Hofstadter discounted third party links to other reform movements and argued that Populists were nostalgic, backward-looking petty capitalists.  They were provincial, conspiracy-minded, and had a tendency toward scapegoatism that manifested itself as nativism, anti‑semitism, anti‑intellectualism, and Anglophobia.   

_____. "Parrington and the Jeffersonian Tradition," Journal of the History of Ideas. 2, no. 4 (October, 1941): 391-400.  Agrarian opposition to industrial capitalism was "theoretically impotent." 

Holbo, Paul S. "Wheat or What? Populism and American Fascism." Western Political Quarterly. 14(3):727-36. September 1961.  Attacks theme of Victor Ferkiss, "Populist influences on American Fascism." 

Hollingsworth, J. Rogers. "Commentary--Populism: The Problem of Rhetoric and Reality." Agricultural History. 39(2): 81-85, notes. April 1965.  Examines the endless and somewhat unrealistic rhetoric on Populism.  

Hughes, John F. "The Jacksonians, the Populists and the Governmental Habit." Mid-America 1994 76(1): 5-26.  Jacksonians and Populists believed in the labor theory of value, opposed to the concentration of wealth, and both movements regarded themselves as outsiders opposed by money interests and the press.  Populists differed in advocating government intervention in the economy. America: History and Life, 34:1106  

Kazin, Michael. The Populist Persuasion: An American History. Basic Books, 1995.  Populists and allegedly Populistic movements since the 1890s, both left and right-wing. 

Knoles, George Harmon. "Populism and Socialism, with Special Reference to the Election of 1892." Pacific Historical Review. 22(3):295-304.  Populism reflects farmers' protests; Socialism, that of labor and urban dweller.  

Lasch, Christopher. The Agony of the American Left. 212 p. New York: Knopf, 1969. Includes essay on decline of Populism.  

Lerda, Valeria Gennaro. Il Populismo Americano: Movementi Radicali di Protesta Agraria nella Seconda Meta' dell'800 (American Populism: Radical Movement of Agrarian Protest in the Second Half of the 1800s). Genoa: Modini and Siccardi, 1981. 

Lundberg, George A. "The Demographic and Economic Basis of Political Radicalism and Conservatism." American Journal of Sociology. 32(5):719‑32. March 1927. Contends that chances of becoming a wild‑eyed political radical are better for some geographic regions than others.  

Malin, James C., "At What Age Did men Become Reformers?" Kansas Historical Quarterly 29 (Autumn, 1963): 250-66. 

McCarthy, G. Michael. "Colorado's Populist Party and the Progressive Movement." Journal of the West 1976 15(1): 54-75.  Assesses validity of Richard Hofstadter's interpretation of Populism by examining Colorado Populists.  The leaders of Colorado Populist were professional men and professional reformers.  Few made the transition to progressivism. America: History and Life, 15A:2780

McVey, Frank Le Rond. "The Populist Movement." American Economic Association: Economic Studies. 1(3):131-209. 1896. The first scholarly account.  Claimed Populists were socialists.  Derived from 1895 Yale U dissertation (Economics) of same title. 

Michaels, Patricia. "C.B. Hoffman, Kansas Socialist." Kansas Historical Quarterly 1975 41(2): 166-182.  Christian Balzac Hoffman became wealthy by investing in milling, real estate sales, banking, farm machinery manufacturing, and publishing.  He showed interest in socialistic enterprises by sponsoring a cooperative in Kansas City and a communal settlement at Topolobambo, Mexico.  When the Republican and People's Parties failed to accomplish genuine economic and social reforms, Hoffman joined the Socialist Party after 1900, and became one of its most ardent champions. America: History and Life, 13A:6841

Miller, Worth Robert. "The Populist Vision: A Roundtable Discussion." Kansas History. 32, no. 1 (Spring 2009): 18-45.  Commentary on Charles Postel, The Populist Vision, which won the 2008 Bancroft and Frederick Jackson Turner Prizes in History, by Gregg Cantrell, Rebecca Edwards,  Robert C. McMath, Jr., Worth Robert Miller, and William C. Pratt.  Introduction by
Worth Robert Miller and reply by Charles Postel.

Munroe, Robert G. "The Populist Dream: the Ideology of the People's Party, 1890-1900." Master's thesis, University of Maryland, 1982. 116 pp. 

Parsons, Stanley B., Jr., Karen Toombs Parsons, Walter Killilae, and Beverly Borgers. "The Role of the Cooperatives in the Development of the Movement Culture of Populism." Journal of American History. 69(4):866-85. 1983.  A critique of Lawrence Goodwyn, Democratic Promise.  The decline of Alliance Cooperatives and rise of the People's Party correlate only in Texas.

Paulson, Ross E. Radicalism and Reform: The Vrooman Family and American Social Thought, 1837-1937. 299 p. Lexington: U of Kentucky P, 1968.  Greenbackism, Populism, and reform in Kansas, c. 1870s-1930s.  

Piott, Steven L. "The Origins of the Initiative and Referendum in America." Hayes Historical Journal 1992 11(3): 5-17.  American reformers first learned about direct legislation from the Swiss referendum process.  The most influential American work on the subject was J. W. Sullivan, Direct Legislation by the Citizenship through the Initiative and Referendum (1892). By 1893, his work became a cornerstone of reform efforts throughout the country.  Populists incorporated direct legislation in its party platform.  Association of Sullivan's ideas with populism branded them as too radical.  Like Populism, direct legislation faded from national debate only to be resurrected in the first decades of the 20th century by the progressives. America: History and Life, 32:6373 

Piott, Steven L. The Anti-Monopoly Persuasion: Popular Resistance to the Rise of Big Business in the Midwest. 194 p. Contributions in Economics and Economic History No. 60.  Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1985.  Progressivism was a conservative counter-attack on a genuine, if somewhat nostalgic, community-based radicalism of farmers, industrial workers small retailers and consumers located in the states and localities. 

Pollack, Norman. "Fear of Man: Populism, Authoritarianism, and the Historian." Agricultural History. 39(2):59-67. April 1965. Elitist historians' fear of the masses in light of Hitler and Stalin was the reason for the 1950's revisionist denigration of Populism.  Populism was a forward-looking reform movement.   

_____. "Hofstadter on Populism: A Critique of The Age of Reform." Journal of Southern History. 26(4): 478-500. November 1960. Rejects Hofstadter's contention that Populists were anti‑Semitic.  Disagrees with the methodology of Richard Hofstadter in Age of Reform (1955) because it leads Hofstadter to faulty conclusions and Hofstadter's assumptions, in less capable hands, can lead only to a denial that protest ever existed in American society.  Thus, radicalism would then become wholly discredited as a rational alternative. America: History and Life, 0:3497

_____. "Ignatius Donnelly on Human Rights: A Study of Two Novels." Mid-America 1965 47(2): 99-112.  Donnelly's novels Doctor Huguet (1891) and The Golden Bottle (1892) testify that he had a dream not of the denial but of the affirmation of man, whether Negro or white, Christian or Jew; not a society based on authoritarian principles but its very opposite, the realization of human dignity and human rights.  

_____. The Just Polity: Populism, Law, and Human Welfare. Urbana & Chicago: U of Illinois P, 1987.  Intellectual biographies of Populist spokesmen, including W.A. Peffer, J.B. Weaver, W.S. Morgan, T.E. Watson, I. Donnelly, H.D. Lloyd, "Cyclone" Davis and T L. Nugent.  Although Populists were advanced and humane, they applied correctives rather than transcending capitalism.   

_____. "The Myth of Populist Anti-Semitism." American Historical Review. 68(1):76-80. October 1962. Defends Populists against charges of anti-Semitism.  

_____. The Populist Response to Industrial America: Midwestern Populist Thought. 166 p. Cambridge: Harvard U P, 1962.  Populists were social levelers seeking to reverse the widening gap between haves and have-nots that emerged in the late nineteenth century.  Their movement was forward‑looking, accepting industrialization, and class oriented.  

_____. "Social Thought in the Industrial Transformation: A Study in Midwestern Populism" Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, 1961. 

Reinhart, Cornel J. "Populist Ideology: Mirror or Prism of the Gilded Age?" North Dakota Quarterly. 43(3)5-15. 1975.  Populism was neither a mirror of disturbing industrial change, nor an irrational protection of agrarian commercial interests.  Like a Prism, Populist ideology "collected and focused numerous facets of the Gilded Age: the concentration  and shifting of real and substantial power to American urban processors, agrarian self-interest and economic protection, as well as real and often confusing problems created by rapid and broad cultural changes." 

Ridge, Martin. "The Populist as a Social Critic." Minnesota History. 43(8):297-302. 1973. 

Rockwood, Dean Stephen, "The Populist Ideology." 205 p. Ph.D. dissertation, Miami U (Ohio), 1977. DAI 1977 38(4):2308-A. 

Roemer, Kenneth. The Obsolete Necessity: America in Utopian Writings, 1888-1900. 239 p. Kent: Kent State UP, 1976.  Most utopian novels of this era can be associated with Populism.  Includes excellent bibliography with short synopses of novels.  

Rogin, Michael Paul. The Intellectuals and McCarthy: The Radical Specter. 366 p. bib., charts, graphs. Cambridge: M.I.T. UP, 1967. See Chapter 6, "Populism."  Populism was a forward‑looking, American equivalent of Marxism, while the social roots of McCarthyism were conservative and elitist.   

Saloutos, Theodore. "The Professors and the Populists." Agricultural History. 40(4):235-54. October 1966.  Revisionists have failed to destroy earlier interpretations of Populism.  They have offered lots of rhetoric, but little proof.  

Saposs, David J. "The Role of the Middle Class in Social Development: Fascism, Populism, Communism, Socialism." in Economic Essays in Honor of Wesley Clair Mitchell.  Pp. 393-424. New York: Columbia UP, 1935.  Attributes rise of Fascism to Populist ideas (versus Socialism).  International Populism.  Some value due to time it was written and later enhancement of theme during McCarthy era.  An interesting article, but very little "history."   

Saunders, Robert Miller. "The Ideology of Southern Populists, 1892-1895." 219 p. Ph.D. dissertation, U of Virginia, 1967.  Counters thesis that Southern Populism had broad‑based coalition of labor, farmer, Negro.  Populists had little in common with labor, and ignored African-American, who could have bolstered party.  

Schwartz, Michael H. Radical Protest and Social Structure: The Southern Farmers' Alliance and Cotton Tenancy, 1880-1890. 302 p. New York: Academic P, 1976.  A Sociologist's view.  The leaders of the Farmers' Alliance were oligarchs who led the movement into politics which diverted resources employed in economic conflict.  A sociologist's view.  The Southern Farmers Alliance was a rational response to oppressive social and economic conditions.  Focuses particularly upon conflicts between leaders and rank and file members.  Challenges conservative cliometricians assumption that South had a free labor market because of dominance of tenancy.  Contains detailed chapter on a North Carolina county Alliance. 

Shaffer, Ralph. "Radicalism in California, 1869-1959." 412 p. Ph.D. dissertation, U of California, Berkeley, 1962.  Dissertation Abstracts, September 1963:1155. Radicals used more conservative Populists to advance their ends.  

Skakkback, Mette. "Agrarian Radicalism After the Populists." American Studies in Scandinavia. [Norway]. 11(1):10-13. 1979.  Observes similarities in agricultural radicalism among members of Populism, Socialism, Progressivism, Non-Partisan League and Farmer-Labor parties. 

Tucker, William Pierce. "Ezra Pound, Fascism, and Populism." Journal of Politics. 18(1):105-07. February 1956. Disagrees with Victor Ferkiss that American Fascism had roots in Populism.  

Unger, Irwin. "Critique of Norman Pollack's 'Fear of Man'." Agricultural History. 39(2):75-80. April 1965.  Pollack "desperately wants to uncover a viable American tradition of the left" in Populism.  See Pollack, "'Fear of Man." 

Viereck, Peter. "Populism Gone Sour," in Daniel Bell ed. The Radical Right. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1963. The same lower-class resentment present in Populism and Progressivism was also present in right-wing McCarthy Republicanism. 

Wilcox, Benton H. "An Historical Definition of Northwestern Radicalism." Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 26(3):377-94. December 1939. "Radicalism appears to have been simply an effort on the part of business farmers to protect their margin of profit and preserve their capitalistic enterprise." 

_____. "A Reconsideration of the Character and Economic Basis of Northwestern Radicalism." Ph.D. dissertation, U of Wisconsin, 1933. 

Woodward, C. Vann. "The Populist Heritage and the Intellectual." American Scholar.  29(1):55-72. Winter 1956‑60. Reprinted in The Burden of Southern History. 250 p. Revised edition, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State U P, 1968. Woodward's refutation of revisionists. 

Youngsdale, James Martin. Populism: A Psychohistorical Perspective. 220 p. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat, 1975.  Derived from "Populism in a New Perspective: An Analysis of Political Radicalism in the Upper Midwest. PhD dissertation, U of Minnesota, 1972.  Dissertation Abstracts, 33:3569‑A.  MN, ND, SD, and WI, 19th and 20th centuries,  including Minn. Farmer-Labor Party and La Follette Progressivism in Wisconsin.  About a small-p "populism."   

_____. ed. Third Party Footprints; An Anthology From Writings and Speeches of Midwest Radicals. 357 p. Minneapolis: Ross & Haines, 1966. Includes Ignatius Donnelly, Edward Fremont Ladd, A.C. Townley, Robert M. La Follette, Sr., Knud Wefald, Floyd B. Olson, Henry A. Wallace.