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| Eggert, Gerald G.
"Coxey's March on Washington, 1894." American History
Illustrated 1977 12(6): 20-31. Coxey
was Greenbacker, Populist, and founder of the Good Roads Association.
He wanted the federal government to issue non-interest-bearing
bonds (Greenbacks) to hire the unemployed to construct roads, schools,
courthouses, and other public facilities. To publicize his plan, he
organized a march of the unemployed on Washington, D.C. from his home in
Massillon, Ohio. The marchers left Ohio in March 1894 and arrived in
Washington on May Day, 1894. Gustaitis,
Joseph. "Coxey's Army." American History Illustrated 1994
29(1): 38-45. Outlines the
story behind Coxey's Army and Jacob Coxey's reform ideas.
Included are creation of a national road-building program, the
issuing of non-interest-bearing bonds to finance it, and federal aid for
the unemployed. Hooper,
Osman Castle. "The Coxey Movement in Ohio." Ohio
Archeological and Historical Quarterly. 9:155-76. Oct 1900. Hurt,
R. Douglas. "The Farmers' Alliance and People's Party in Ohio." The
Old Northwest: A Journal of Regional Life and Letters. 10(4):439-62.
Winter 1984-1985. Alliancemen
and Populists usually were the most radical and dissatisfied elements of
the agricultural and working communities.
Both organizations supported regulation of railroads, direct
election of senators, expansion of the money supply, the graduated income
tax, the initiative and referendum, and women's suffrage.
Ohio Populism was stillborn because Ohio farmers did not suffer the
same economic hardships as Great Plains or Southern farmers.
Nornow,
William F. "Bellamy Nationalism in Ohio 1891-1896." Ohio
State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly. 58:152-170. April 1949.
Pierce,
Michael. "Farmers and the Failure of Populism in Ohio,
1890-1891." Agricultural History 2000 74(1): 58-85. Although
there was widespread sympathy among farmers for the Populist platform and
considerable discontent with national economic developments, the strong
two-party system in the state provided opportunities for farmers to draw
support for farm issues from the traditional parties. The strength of the
two-party system also made it likely that farmers would eventually lose
influence if they chose to work outside the traditional parties.
_____.
"The Plow and Hammer: Farmers, Organized Labor and the People's Party
in Ohio." Ph.D. dissertation, Ohio State University, 1999. DAI, 60, no. 08A (1999): 3104.
The Ohio People's (Populist) party was essentially a labor party.
While Ohio farmers remained loyal to the traditional parties, many Ohio
labor organizations; including the United Mine Workers and the central
labor bodies of Cleveland, Cincinnati, and Columbus; endorsed the People's
party. The state's leading trade unionist, John McBride, led the forces
attempting to take the American Federation of Labor (AFL) into an alliance
with the People's party and defeated Samuel Gompers for the presidency of
the AFL in 1894. The fusion
of the of the Populists and Democrats in 1896 destroyed the coalition that
Ohio trade unionists had built around the People's party. Although some of
the state's unionists joined the Democrats, most Ohio trade unionists saw
the fusion as a betrayal. Instead, they joined other political parties or
de-emphasized political action. At the national level the AFL had been
roughly divided between forces led by McBride wanting to transform the
Federation into a partisan organization through an alliance with the
People's party and forces led by Gompers feeling that the Federation
should emphasize economic action. By leaving McBride and his allies
without a party, the fusion undercut the political unionists and
contributed to the triumph of Gompers and pure and simple unionism. _____.
"The Populist President of the American Federation of Labor: The
Career of John McBride, 1880-1895. Labor History [Great Britain]
2000 41(1): 5-24. McBride supported the Democratic Party in the
mid-1880's. McBride became
the Ohio Miners' Union's first president in 1882 and held the post until
1889. After a brief tenure as a state representative, McBride helped found
the Ohio People's Party in 1891. Despite
the failure of an 1894 miners' strike, McBride's popularity continued
among the rank and file, and he defeated Samuel Gompers, who opposed
direct political affiliation, for the office of AFL president in 1894.
In his year as president, McBride worked to bring the union into
third party political action. Gompers defeated McBride for reelection by a narrow margin in
1895. McBride abandoned his
union activity afterward.
Rockwood,
Dean Stephen. "The People's Party in Ohio, 1891‑1896."
M.A. Thesis, Miami U, 1970.
Socolofsky,
Homer E. "Jacob Coxey, Ohio's Fairly Respectable Populist." Kansas
Quarterly. 1(4):63-69. Fall 1969. Wegner, John M. "Remembering the 'Rag Baby': Toledo and the Greenback-National Movement in the 1870s." Northwest Ohio Quarterly 1995 67(3): 118-145. Toledo was a stronghold for the Greenback Party because of depression, public debt, and political corruption. The Greenback platform appealed to farmers, laborers, and middle-class professionals. America: History and life, 36:11359 |