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Oklahoma and
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| Billington, Monroe Lee. Thomas P. Gore: The Blind Senator from Oklahoma. Lawrence: University of Kansas P, 1967. Gore was a Mississippi Populist before moving to Texas and then Oklahoma. Derived from Billington's dissertation "Thomas P. Gore: Oklahoma's Blind Senator." U of Kentucky, 1955. _____. "T. P.
Gore and Agricultural Legislation." Agricultural History 1957
31(1): 29-39. Thomas P. Gore
served as U.S. Senator from Oklahoma from 1907 to 1921 and from 1931 to
1937. As a progressive Democrat with a Populist past, Gore advocated
Federal assistance for rural areas before World War I.
Gore became involved with oil interests in the 1920s, and reversed
his political position in the 1930s.
Cassity, R. O. Joe, Jr. "The
Political Career of Patrick S. Nagle: 'Champion of the Underdog.'" Chronicles
of Oklahoma 1986-87 64(4): 48-67.
Nagle was Cleveland's territorial marshal in the 1890s.
He turned to the left by 1905, joining the Farmer's Union, which
espoused such populist ideals as government ownership of railroads,
telephone systems, utility companies, and street cars.
Three years later, Nagle joined the Socialist Party.
He was committed to peaceful methods of change through mass
education and political action, and supported equal rights for women and
blacks. He was the Socialist
candidate for the U.S. Senate when the party peaked in 1914.
Clemance, Eldon L. "A
History of the Democratic Party in the Oklahoma Territory." Master's thesis, Oklahoma State University, 1966.
Democrats and Populists regularly fused in the Oklahoma Assembly.
Cowden, Frances Kay. "H.S.P.
Ashby: A Voice for Reform, 1886-1914." Ph.D. dissertation, University
of Oklahoma, 1996. DAI, 57,
no. 03A, (1996): 1288. "Stump"
Ashby was one of the more colorful leaders of Texas Populism.
After 1896, Ashby continue his fight for reform as a progressive
Democrat in Oklahoma.
Fraker, Elmer L. "The
Election of J.Y. Callahan." Chronicles of Oklahoma
33(3):350-59. 1955. Populist
Callahan was the Oklahoma Territory's only non-Republican delegate to the
U.S. Congress. Unfortunately
riddled with factual errors.
_____. "The Spread of
Populism into Oklahoma Territory." M.A. thesis, U of Oklahoma, 1938.
Based mostly on secondary materials.
Grimes, Richard Brandt.
"Samuel Crocker: Political Agitator." 92 pp. M.A. thesis,
University of Central Oklahoma, 1996.
Crocker was the Populist nominee for Delegate to Congress in 1890.
Meredith,
H.L. "The Agrarian
Reform Press in Oklahoma." Chronicles of Oklahoma Spring 1972
50(2): 82-94. Contains
information on several Populist newspapers. _____. "The 'Middle Way':
The Farmers' Alliance in Indian Territory, 1889-1896." Chronicles
of Oklahoma 1969/70 47(4): 377-387.
Leadership decisions prevented the formation of a Populist Party in
Indian Territory.
Miller, Worth Robert,
"Frontier Politics: The Bases of Partisan Choice in the Oklahoma
Territory." Chronicles of Oklahoma. Winter 1984-85
62(4):429-46. Populists
transcended sectionalism and successfully appealed to both northern and
southern-born hinterland family farmers. Democratic and Republican Parties relied on sectional and
railroad-world bases of support.
_____. "Gilded Age
Development and the Populist Revolt in the Oklahoma Territory," Texas
Journal of Political Studies 9(2):32-45. Spring-Summer, 1987.
A summary of the author's dissertation.
_____. Oklahoma Populism: A
History of the People's Party in the Oklahoma Territory. 280 pp.
Norman: U of Oklahoma P, 1987. Links
Oklahoma People's Party to several late-nineteenth-century egalitarian
movements that were committed to carrying on the ideals of Jefferson,
Jackson and Lincoln (republicanism) in the industrial setting.
Settlers imported the Populism from Kansas at the time of first
white settlement. By 1892, the
party had bridged sectionalism and received significant support from both
southerners and northerners. Fusion
with Democrats in the early legislatures gave Populists little relief.
An antifusion course in 1894 established the party as the major
opponent to the GOP. A
Populist-Democratic Fusion in the 1896 elections was successful.
But, Democratic foot dragging in the legislature killed reform.
Derived from dissertation of same title, University of Oklahoma,
1984. 430 pp. DAI 1985 45(8): 2630-A.
Pickens, Donald A. "Oklahoma
Populism and Historical Interpretation." Chronicles of Oklahoma
1965 43(3): 275-283. Populism
was a response to a very real economic need of the farmer.
The author also traces the transfer of many Oklahoma Populists to
the Socialist Party. Historiographically,
the author sides with C. Vann Woodward, Norman Pollack, and Walter Nugent
against Richard Hofstadter. Rosen, Ellen. "Socialism in
Oklahoma: A Theoretical Overview." Politics and Society 1978
8(1): 109-129. The author
contends that the apparent similarities between southern populism and
Oklahoma socialism masks important differences.
Oklahoma farmers turned to socialism as a way of gaining control of
the land, although they rejected immediate collectivization of it.
Schaber, James R. "An
Interpretation of the Agrarian Reform Movement in Oklahoma from 1890-1923."
M.A. thesis, U of Tulsa, 1959. 180 pp.
Based largely upon secondary sources.
Thompson, John. Closing the
Frontier: Radical Response in Oklahoma, 1889-1923. 262 p. Norman and
London: U of Oklahoma P, 1986. Derived
from Thompson's Ph.D. dissertation, "Radical Ideological Responses to
the Closing of the Frontier in Oklahoma, 1889-1923." Rutgers U, 1982.
DAI, 43, no. 04A, (1982): 1269.
Economic development in Oklahoma produced a complex radical
political ideology. As one of
the last open spaces in a world-market system, Walter Prescott Webb's
"Great Frontier" method of settling the new land devastated
Oklahoma, rapidly stripping the most available resources in a completely
unrestrained manner. This
produced a series of radical ideologies (including Populism and
Socialism), which for a brief time challenged the most basic principles of
frontier capitalism. Based
significantly upon secondary sources. Wilson, Terry Paul. "The Demise of Populism in Oklahoma Territory." Chronicles of Oklahoma 1965 43(3): 265-274. Economic desperation, the free silver panacea, and a penchant for pseudo-religious causes encouraged fusion in 1896, and explains the demise of Populism in Oklahoma. America: History and Life, 4:2738 |