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Aldrich, Mark. "A Note on
Railroad Rates and the Populist Uprising." Agricultural History.
54(3): 424-432. 1980. Railroad
rates generally fell until about 1880, then began to rise into the 1890's.
This was a major factor in the rise of Populism.
Beard, Earl S. "The
Background of State Railroad Regulation in Iowa," Iowa Journal of
History. 51:1‑36. January 1953.
Benson, Lee. Merchants,
Farmers and Railroads: Railroad Regulation and New York Politics,
1850‑1887. 310 p. Providence: Brown UP, 1964.
Clark, Ira G. Then Came the
Railroads: The Century from Steam to Diesel in the Southwest. Norman:
U of Oklahoma P, 1958. Railroads were the whipping boy for all the
accumulated woes plaguing the West.
Crow, Jeffrey J. "'Populism
to Progressivism' in North Carolina: Governor Daniel Russell and His War
on the Southern Railway Company." Historian 1975 37(4):
649-667. North Carolina's
Populists were reformist. Progressives
would not aid Governor Daniel Russell's fight for railroad regulation
during the 1890s, but who joined the fray in the early 1900s.
Danese, Tracy E. "Railroads,
Farmers and Senatorial Politics: The Florida Railroad Commission in the
1890s." Florida Historical Quarterly 1996 75(2): 146-166.
Florida abolition its popular regulatory commission in 1891, only
four years after its creation. The
transformation of Chipley, a railroad executive originally opposed to the
commission, into a Populist caused the commission's resurrection in 1897.
Decker, Leslie E. Railroads,
Lands and Politics: The Taxation of the Railroad Land Grants, 1864-1897.
435 p. Providence: Brown UP, 1964. Concerns
land grants in Kansas and Nebraska.
Dixon, Frank Haigh.
"Railroad Control in Nebraska." Political Science Quarterly.
13(4):617‑47. December 1898. Discusses causes for Nebraska
Populists' advocacy for nationalization of railroads.
Doster, James Fletcher. Railroads
in Alabama Politics, 1875‑1914. 273 p., maps. U of Alabama
Studies No. 12. University: U of Alabama P, 1957.
_____. "Were Populists
Against Railroad Corporations? The Case of Alabama." Journal of
Southern History. 20(3):395‑99. August 1954.
Farmer, Hallie. "The
Economic Background of Frontier Populism." Part II. "The
Railroads and Frontier Populism." Ph.D. Dissertation (Political
Science), University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1927.
_____. "The
Railroads and Frontier Populism." Mississippi Valley Historical
Review. 13(3):387‑97. December 1926. Railroad oppression as a
cause of agrarian revolt. Frank, Thomas. "The Leviathan with Tentacles of Steel: Railroads in the Minds of Kansas Populists." Western Historical Quarterly 1989 20(1): 37-54. Railroads argued that they served the public interest in order to get land subsidies. Afterward, they betrayed the public trust by operating exclusively on the profit motive. Populists, thus, called for government ownership and operation of railroads in the public interest. America: History and Life, 27:7067
Haney, Lewis Henry. Congressional
History of Railways in the United States, 1850-1887. 335 p., illus.
Bulletin of the University of Wisconsin No. 342. Economics and Political
Science, vol. 6, No. 1. Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1910.
Harbeson, Robert W.
"Railroads and Regulation, 1877‑1916: Conspiracy of Public
Interest?" Journal of Economic History. 27(2):230‑42.
June 1967. Argues that railroad legislation--even that supported by
railroads--was not necessarily beneficial to the railroads, and
detrimental to shippers and farmers. Higgs, Robert. "Railroad Rates and the Populist Uprising." Agricultural History 1970 44(3): 291-297. Populists had good reason to complain of high railroad rates. Carrying cost relative to crop prices did not change substantially between 1867 and 1896. Thus, farmers did not benefit from the lower nominal transportation rates in the three decades before 1897. America: History and Life, 8:1483
Jones, Virginia Bowen. "The
Influence of the Railroads of Nebraska on Nebraska State Politics."
M.A. thesis, U of Nebraska, 1927.
Kolko, Gabriel. Railroads and
Regulation, 1877‑1916. 273 p. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1965.
The railroads, rather than Populists, were strongest advocates of
government regulation.
Magliari, Michael.
"Populism, Steamboats, and the Octopus: Transportation Rates and
Monopoly in California's Wheat Regions, 1890-1896." Pacific
Historical Review 1989 58(4): 449-469.
Among the California wheat growers, Populist strength varied
directly with the grip of the Southern Pacific,
Populist strength was severely diluted by the presence of water
transport.
Miner, H. Craig. "The
Oskaloosa Octopus: Jobbers, "Popocrats," and the Santa Fe
Railway's False Receivership, 1896." Kansas Historical Quarterly
1972 38(4): 445-456. A
Populist judge cited an 1891 Kansas law prohibiting any corporation with
more than 20 percent of their securities held by foreigners from
possessing land in Kansas in an 1891 case involving the Santa Fe Railroad.
The railroad won on appealed.
Some see Populists attacking a corporation.
Others claim Republican businessmen who hoped to profit from the
railroad's losses.
Paxson, Frederic L. "The
Pacific Railroads and the Disappearance of the Frontier in America." Annual
Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1907. Vol.
I. Pp. 105‑18. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1908. Notes. Significance of
disappearance of free land.
Press, Donald E. "Kansas
Conflict: Populist Versus Railroader in the 1890s." Kansas
Historical Quarterly 1977 43(3): 319-333. In
the 1890's, Kansas Populists alarmed railroaders by calling for maximum
freight rates and state ownership of the railroads.
They were able to agree on railroad legislation only at a
last-minute session after their defeat in 1898, when they created the
Court of Visitation, with broad regulatory powers.
The Republican-controlled state supreme court declared the
legislation unconstitutional two years later.
Many of the measures that the Populists advocated in the 1890's,
including a maximum freight rate, became law under the Republicans in the
succeeding decade.
_____. "Populist Influence
on Kansas railroads, 1890-1910." Master's thesis, University of
Missouri, Kansas City, 1974.
Rich, Mary A. "Railroads and
the Agrarian Interests of Kansas, 1865-1915." Master's thesis,
University of Virginia, 1960.
Riegel, Robert E. The Story of
the Western Railroads, From 1852 Through the Reign of the Grants. 345
p. New York: Macmillan, 1926. Reprinted
Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, 1964.
Ripley, William Z. Railroads,
Rates, and Regulation. 659 p., maps, diagrams., bib. New York:
Longmans, Green, 1912.
Rysavy, Don. "D.W. Hines and
the Farmers' Railroad: A Case Study in Populist Business Enterprise,
1894-1898." North Dakota Quarterly 47(4): 20-34. 1979.
Stover, John F. American
Railroads. 302 p. maps, illus. Chicago UP, 1961. See especially the
bibliography, pp. 279‑80.
Stromquist, Sheldon. A
Generation of Boomers: The pattern of Railroad labor Conflict in
Nineteenth century America. Urbana: U of Illinois P, 1987.
White, William Thomas. "A
History of Railroad Workers in the Pacific Northwest, 1883-1934."
Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington, 1981.
DAI, 42, no. 12A, (1981): 5224.
In the 1890s, the Gilded Age pattern of community support for
insurgent workers achieved its most dramatic expression in the Coxeyite
Movement, the Great Northern Strike, and the Pullman Strike of 1894,
during which the region's Populist, anti-railroad mood supported militant
action by unemployed railway workers and those belonging to the American
Railway Union.
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