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| Argersinger, Peter H.
"Regulating Democracy: Election Laws and Dakota Politics,
1889-1902." Midwestern Review. 5 (1983): 1-19. Older and more
democratic system gave way to new, making it more difficult to organize a
new party, to secure representation, to vote independently or express
political dissatisfaction other than dropping out.
Brooks, Arthur F. "The
Administration of Andrew E. Lee, Governor of South Dakota,
1897-1901." Master's thesis, University of South Dakota, 1939. 71 pp.
Cox, Elizabeth M. "Women
Will Have a Hand in Such Matters From Now On": Idaho's First Women
Lawmakers." Idaho Yesterdays 1994 38(3): 2-9.
Two years after Idaho enfranchised women in 1896, three women were
elected to the Idaho legislature: Populist Mary A. Wright, Democrat
Harriet F. Noble, and Republican Clara L. Campbell.
Each proved adept and skillful as legislators.
None ran for a second term.
Dibbern, John David. "Grass
Roots Populism: Politics and Social Structure in a Frontier
Community." Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University, 1980.
DAI, 41, no. 05A, (1980): 2257.
Populism appealed to men with insecurely held property.
Marshall County Alliancemen were propertied commercial farmers,
especially debtors. They had
most recently obtained landownership, probably as homesteaders, and were
thus upwardly-mobile and propertied.
Yet because their property was heavily mortgaged, it was also
vulnerable to loss during these years of declining prices, crop failures,
and mortgage foreclosures. The
author found no evidence of nativism or lower-class revolt. _____. "Who were the
Populists?: A study of Grass-Roots Alliancemen in Dakota." Agricultural
History 1982 56(4): 677-691. Examines membership records from the
Marshall County, South Dakota Farmers' Alliance along with census and tax
records. Alliance members
were more likely to be immigrants than non-Alliance farmers. They also tended to be upwardly-mobile indebted property
owners rather than tenants. Their
relatively high debt made them especially vulnerable to the boom and bust
cycles of frontier agriculture.
Frank, Kent. "An Analysis of
the Vote for the Populist Party in South Dakota in 1892." M.A.
thesis, Southern Illinois U, 1965. 91 pp.
Grant, H. Roger. "Origins of
a Progressive Reform: The Initiative and Referendum Movements in South
Dakota." South Dakota History 1973 3(4):390-407.
Direct Democracy was a significant part of Populist's efforts to
put South Dakotan's destinies in their own hands.
Guth, Delloyd J. "Omer Madison
Kem: The People's Congressman" M.A. thesis, Creighton
Heiman, Hazel Lucile. "A
Historical Study of the Persuasion of the Populist Impulse in South
Dakota." Ph.D. dissertation (Speech), U of Minnesota, 1969.
Dissertation Abstracts, 31:03A:1408.
Hendrickson, Kenneth E., Jr.
"The Populist Movement in South Dakota." M.A. thesis, U of South
Dakota, 1956.
_____. "Some Political
Aspects of the Populist Movement in South Dakota." North Dakota
History 1967 34(1): 77-92. Alliance
farmers protested railroad practices and got a limited railroad commission
established in the 1880s. Upon
statehood, the Alliance formed Independent Party, allied with the
Democrats, and elected James Henderson Kyle to the U.S. Senate.
Independents joined the Populist Party in 1892.
They elected fusionist Andrew E. Lee governor in 1896, but never
gained control of the State legislature.
Their greatest success came through coalition with the Silver
Republicans and Democrats.
_____. "The Public Career of
Richard F. Pettigrew of South Dakota: 1848‑1926." South
Dakota Historical Collections. 34:143-311. 1968.
U.S. Senator 1889-1901, includes Populist and Farmer-Labor
activity. Lamar, Howard R. "Perspectives on Statehood: South Dakota's First Quarter Century, 1889-1914." South Dakota History 1989 19(1): 2-25. A little on Populism. America: History and Life, 28:8034
Lindell, Terrence J.
"Populists in Power: The Problems of the Andrew E. Lee Administration
in South Dakota." South Dakota History Winter 1992 (22):
345-365. Lee was the Populist
governor of South Dakota between 1897 and 1901.
His reform efforts were thwarted by fusionist's failure to control
all branches of government, disagreements among coalition partners, and
Lee's failure to control his own appointees.
Few enduring reforms were achieved.
Pratt, William C. "South
Dakota Populism and Its Historians." South Dakota History 22
(Winter, 1992): 309-329. Briefly
discusses the Populist movement in South Dakota, 1890-1900, as part of a
special issue of South Dakota History on this topic, and surveys in detail
its historiography. Additional research needs to be done on South Dakota
Populism, both on the local and state levels, which would lead to a better
understanding of Populism in the state and region. Remele, Larry. "'God Helps Those Who Help Themselves': The Farmers' Alliance and Dakota Statehood." Montana 1987 37(4): 22-33. The Dakota Farmers Alliance promoted insurgent political traditions and progressive ideas. Alliancemen elected farmer supporters to the 1889 territorial legislature and constitutional convention. The Alliance influenced the South Dakota Convention to write a progressive constitution, but was less successful in North Dakota. America: History and Life, 26:3246
Tiffany, Burton Ellsworth.
"The Initiative and Referendum in South Dakota." South Dakota
Historical Collections. 13:284-310.
Tryon, Warren S.
"Agriculture and Politics in South Dakota--1889 to 1900." South
Dakota Historical Collections. 13:284-310. Tweton, D. Jerome.
"Considering Why Populism Succeeded in South Dakota and Failed in
North Dakota." South Dakota History
22 (Winter, 1992): 330-344. Leadership
played a key role in the successful experience of Populism in South Dakota
and its failure in North Dakota. South
Dakota Populists maintained their Populist principles, rejecting fusion,
unlike their North Dakota counterparts. America:
History and Life, 34:7870
Webb, Daryl. "'Just
Principles Never Die': Brown County Populists, 1890-1900." South
Dakota History 22
(Winter, 1992): 366-399. Divergent
philosophies of the party's moderate and socialist members led to
factionalism that eventually caused the demise of the movement, despite
some county and statewide political victories.
Several of their reform ideas were later adopted by the mainstream
parties. Weed, Brian Jason. "Populist Thought in North and South Dakota, 1890-1900." M.A. thesis, U of North Dakota, 1970. |