|
Texas
|
Back
to Bibliography |
Home |
Abramowitz, Jack. "John B.
Rayner--A Grass Roots Leader." Journal of Negro History.
36(2):160-193. April 1951. Texas
Negro Populist. Useful view
of black participation in Populist movement.
Alvord, Wayne. "T.L. Nugent,
Texas Populist." Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 57(1):65-81.
July 1953. Nugent was
Populist gubernatorial candidate in 1892 & 1894.
Barnes, Donna A. Farmers in
Rebellion: The Rise and Fall of the Southern Farmers' Alliance and
People's Party in Texas. Austin: University of Texas P, 1984. 226 p.
A Sociologist's view. Excellent
summary of mobilization theories. The
author's primary tools of analysis are counter-ideology to legitimating
explanation of the capital class, the development of an organization
capable of disseminating this alternative view, and creative strategy
escalation to nullify potentially demobilizing opposition countermoves.
From the author's 1982 University of Texas at Austin dissertation
(Sociology), "The Dynamics of a Protest Movement: The Farmers
Alliance and the People's Party Movement in Texas, 1877-1900." DAI,
48, no. 10A, (1982): 2730. _____. "Strategy Outcome and
the Growth of Protest Organizations: A Case Study of the Southern Farmers'
Alliance." Rural Sociology 1987 52(2): 164-186.
Studies the relationship between strategy development and
membership mobilization. The
author notes differing alliance responses to crises caused by
tactical/ideological innovation or externalized blame and compares them to
Grange activity. Barr,
Alwyn. "B. J. Chambers
and the Greenback Party Split." Mid-America 1967 49(4):
276-284. Gives Chambers'
background and stand on the major issues of the day.
His nomination for vice president on the Greenback-Labor Party
ticket in 1880 was the result of a split between its eastern labor and
western farmer (fusionist) wings.
_____. Reconstruction to
Reform: Texas Politics, 1876-1906. Austin, U of Texas P, 1971. 315 p.
Comprehensive study of Texas politics (1876-1906), including
Populism. Excellent reference
work.
Barthelme, Marion K., ed. Women
in the Texas Populist Movement: Letters to the Southern Mercury.
College Station: Texas A. & M. U. Pr., 1997. 248 pp. Derived from, "Women in the Texas Populist Movement:
Their Letters to the 'Southern Mercury.'" M.A. thesis, Rice
University, 1994. MAI, 33,
no. 04, (1994): 1133. These
letters give some idea of the concerns, thoughts, and daily lives of
ordinary women in the Alliance and Populist movements.
They provide a view of women's perceptions of their domestic sphere
and their hopes and expectations for the Alliance and Populist Party. Many women found community, mutuality and a stronger sense of
self through participation in the movement.
Baum, Dale and Miller, Worth
Robert. "Ethnic Conflict and Machine Politics in San Antonio,
1892-1899." Journal of Urban History. 19:63-84. August, 1993.
Machine leader Bryan Callaghan lost control of local politics by
supporting state Democratic Party leaders as they moved to the left to
undercut Populism. Callaghan's
anti-prohibitionist following (German and Mexican) feared reform Democrats
and Populists were prohibitionists. Local
Populist leaders were unbelievably inept. Baum, Dale and Calvert, Robert A.
"Texas Patrons of Husbandry: Geography, Social Contexts, and Voting
Behavior." Agricultural History 1989 63(4): 36-55.
Members of the Texas Grange primarily were native-born Protestant
farmers (usually Methodists) who lived in northeastern Texas on small
farms. These Grangers emphasized cotton production and were politically
active. Texas Grangers were particularly militant in politics even though
the organization was nonpartisan. They supported lowering state
expenditures and taxes, state regulation of railroads and corporate
practices, limitations on the state's power to borrow money, and the 1876
state constitution. Although
the Farmers' Alliance and the People's Party co-opted the Granger program,
its members remained politically active through the election of 1896.
Bess, Jennifer Jean. "Equal
Rights for All and Special Privileges for None: Women's Participation in
the Farmer's Alliance of Texas." M.A. thesis, University of Houston,
1998. MAI, 37, no. 04,
(1998): 1111. The Alliance
sought women's involvement and promised in its Constitution, "Equal
Rights for All, Special Privileges for None."
Women's involvement in the movement reflected the complexities of
both class and gender.
Calvert, Robert and Witherspoon,
William, "Populism in Jack County, Texas." Southern Studies.
25(1):31-66. Spring 1986.
Cannon, Charles A. "The
Ideology of Texas Populism, 1888-1894." M.A. thesis, Rice U, 1968.
Cantrell, Gregg. Feeding the
Wolf: John B. Rayner and the Politics of Race, 1850-1918. Wheeling,
IL: Harlan Davidson, 2001. 125
pp. African-American orator,
organizer and political strategist for Populist Party in Texas.
_____. Kenneth and John B.
Rayner and the Limits of Southern Dissent. Urbana: U of Illinois
Press, 1993. Derived
"The Limits of Southern Dissent: The Lives of Kenneth and John B.
Rayner." PhD
dissertation, Texas A & M University, 1988.
John B. Rayner was the leading African-American Populist in Texas,
and a member of the third party's executive committee.
Kenneth was his white father, and a major Whig politician. He became a Republican after the Civil War.
_____. "John B. Rayner: A
Study in Black Populist Leadership." Southern Studies.
24(4):432-43. 1985. Rayner
was a prominent Texas Populist.
_____ and Barton, D. Scott.
"Texas Populists and the Failure of Biracial Politics." Journal
of Southern History. 55: 659-92.
November 1989. Informal
fusion with Republicans in 1896 involved trading Populist votes for
president for Republican votes for the Populist's state ticket.
Many white Populists could not stomach voting for McKinley and
deserted the third party cause.
Carawan, James Terry.
"Populism and the Poll Tax: The Politics and Propaganda of Suffrage
Restriction in North Texas, 1892-1904." M.A. thesis, University of
North Texas, 1997. MAI, 36,
no. 03, (1997): 0711. Voters
from predominately Populist areas in North Texas did not support the poll
tax amendment that passed in November 1902.
Populists left the polls in higher percentages than other voters
between 1896 and 1902. Those
who remained active did not support the poll tax.
Combs, Joe F. Gunsmoke in the
Redlands. 122 p. San Antonio: Naylor, 1968.
On Border-Wall-Broocks feud. Democrats
ended Populism in San Augustine County through assassination.
A popular treatment by a journalist.
Also see Fuller, A Texas Sheriff.
Cotner, Robert Crawford. James
Stephen Hogg: A Biography. 617 p. Austin, U of Texas P, 1959.
Hogg's Administration (1891-95) was influenced by Alliance ideas.
A very favorable treatment of Hogg.
Cowden, Frances Kay. "H.S.P.
Ashby: A Voice for Reform, 1886-1914." Ph.D. dissertation, University
of Oklahoma, 1996. DAI, 57,
no. 03A, (1996): 1288. "Stump"
Ashby was one of the more colorful leaders of Texas Populism. He helped found the party in 1891, and was the Populist
candidate for lieutenant governor in 1896.
He moved to Oklahoma about 1900 and became active in the reform
wing of the Democratic Party.
Demme, Genevieve Pyle, "Owen
Pinkney Pyle: Champion of the Farmer." Master's thesis, Rice
Institute, 1958. Pyle was an
Alliance lecturer and Populist editor.
He later became president of the National Farmers' Union.
Edwards, Martin Leon. "The
Farmers' Movement in Delta County." Master's thesis, East Texas State
Teachers College, 1964. Delta
County was a Populist stronghold.
Ferguson, Walter Keene. Geology
and Politics in Frontier Texas, 1845-1909. 233 p. Austin, U of Texas
P, 1969.
Fuller, Henry C. A Texas
Sheriff. Nacogdoches: The Author, 1931. Reprint, San Augustine, Texas:
S. Malone, 1983. 80 p. Ghost-written
reminiscences of A.J. Spradley, Populist Sheriff of Nacogdoches
County, Texas.
Goodman, Wallis. "Populism's
Silver Lining: The Election of 1896 and the Decline of Populism in Erath
County, Texas." Master's thesis, U of Texas at Austin, 1997. Goodwyn, Lawrence. "Populist
Dreams and Negro Rights: East Texas as a Case Study." American
Historical Review 1971 76(5): 1435-1456.
Populists put together an interracial coalition that carried Grimes
County, Texas throughout the 1890s. Despairing
of ever recapturing the county, Democrats founded a "White Man's
Union" which, in 1900 retook the county through assassination and
terrorism. Several black
leaders were murdered, and Democrats laid siege to the Populist Sheriff's
office. The state militia
eventually escorted the sheriff from the county.
As much as one-half of the county's black population also exited
the county at this time.
Grantham, Dewey W., Jr.
"Texas Congressional Leaders and the New Freedom, 1913-1917." Southwestern
Historical Quarterly. 53(1):35-48. July 1949. Former Texas Populists become New Freedom progressives.
Hill, Harry Max, "Populism
and the Failed Realignment: Texas Populism in the 1890s." Master's
thesis, University of Texas at Arlington, 1985.
Primarily focuses on Fort Worth and area to immediate west.
Kellam, George Thomas. "A
Shadow of Itself: The Rise and Decline of Cooperative Radicalism in Texas,
1875-1876." M.A. thesis, University of Texas at Arlington, 1987.
MAI, 26, no. 02, (1987). Populist
radicalism was the joint creation of Western farmers and workers who
shared common aspirations for a cooperative economic order.
The defeat of the Knights of Labor in 1886 left only the agrarian
section of the reform movement to carry on the political struggle in the
1890s.
King, Keith Lynn. "Religious
Dimensions of the Agrarian Protest in Texas, 1870-1908." Ph.D.
dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1985.
DAI, 46, no. 11A, (1985): 3469.
Between 1870 and 1908 Texas farmers helped to organize new
political and religious institutions. Just as the People's Party
represented agrarian political protest, Landmarkism among the Baptists,
Holiness among the Methodists, and divisions within the Disciples of
Christ represented agrarian religious protest. Texas Populists shared an
essentially religious view of society. Many of the ordained clergy left
the ministry to devote their careers to Populist reform because organized
religion failed to support farmers. Populism
created an awareness among some Texans that individual sins, like
alcoholism, were actually symptomatic of the larger corporate evil,
poverty.
Lightfoot,
B.B. "The Human
Party: Populism in Comanche County, 1886," West Texas Historical
Association Yearbook. 31:28‑40. October 1956.
On origins of People's Party its banner county in Texas. Macune, Charles W., Jr. "The
Wellsprings of a Populist: Dr. C. W. Macune Before 1886." Southwestern
Historical Quarterly 1986 90(2): 139-158.
Describes the family background and early life of the author's
great grandfather, Charles William Macune, president of the Southern
Farmers' Alliance. Born in
Wisconsin, Macune became editor of the Burnet Bulletin in 1874, where he
displayed his rapidly acquired Southern Democrat point of view.
He studied and later practiced medicine, before moving to Dallas
and becoming involved in the Populist movement.
Martin, Roscoe C. "The
Greenback Party in Texas." Southwestern Historical Quarterly.
30(3):161-77. January 1927. On
background to Populism.
_____. "The Grange as a
Political Factor in Texas." Southwestern Political and Social
Science Quarterly. 6:363-84. March 1926.
_____. The People's Party in
Texas: A Study in Third Party Politics. 280 p. Austin: U of Texas P,
1933. Populism succeeded best
in white counties with poor farm land.
Despite Martin's 1930s racial views, this is still the best
book-length study of Texas Populism.
Derived from the author’s 1932 U of Chicago Ph.D. dissertation of
the same title. ADD, S0330,
(1932): 6946. Masters, Mark. "Plow Boys
and Prohibitionists: The North Texas Reform Insurgence of 1887." E.C.
Barksdale Student Lectures 1985-86 9: 257-287.
The prohibitionists and reformers in north-central Texas in 1887
were reacting against efforts of Northerners to destroy traditional,
agrarian, Southern society, but the efforts of the Texas Farmers' Alliance
were thwarted by capitalist, libertarian entrepreneurs. McMath, Robert C., Jr.
"Populist Base Communities: The Evangelical Roots of Farm Protest in
Texas." Locus 1988 1(1): 53-63.
Farmers reflected on their economic plight and political
helplessness and expressed their disaffection through familiar community
modes, such as camp meetings and religious metaphors.
_____. "Sandy Land and Hogs
in the Timber: (Agri)cultural Origins of the Farmers' Alliance in
Texas." in The Countryside in the Age of Capitalist
Transformation: Essays in the Social History of Rural America. Steven
Hahn and Jonathan Prude, eds. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 1985.
355 p. About the area just west of Fort Worth, Texas.
The Alliance and Populist movements began in a pre-capitalist rural
setting that coupled small-holder semi-subsistence farming with open-range
stock raising. This produced
a culture of rural interdependence with deep seated values about limits
upon ownership rights and community obligations.
Organizers were most successful in areas recently integrated into
the market economy where tenancy, the credit system, and growing class
divisions threatened egalitarian values. Miller, Worth Robert. "Building a Populist Coalition in Texas, 1892-1896." Journal of Southern History. 74, no. 2 (May 2008): 255-96. Co-authored with Stacy G. Ulbig. A quantitative study using both county and precinct-level data that shows the People's Party in Texas grew beyond the limited parameters described by James Turner, "Understanding the Populists" Journal of American History 1980 67(2): 354-373 in 1894 and 1896, thus achieving the coalition of southerners and westerners, farmers and laborers, and blacks and poor whites that historian C. Vann Woodward argued was necessary for the Populist Party to be successful. The article particularly focuses upon the Populist's land issue. _____"Building a Progressive Coalition in Texas: The Populist-Reform Democrat Rapprochement, 1900-1907." Journal of Southern History. 52(2): 163-82. May 1986. Derived from the author's 1977 Trinity University Master's thesis, "The Populist Return to the Democratic Party and Their Influence on the Progressive Movement in Texas, 1896-1906." 220 p. Texas reformers split into progressive Democrats and Populists in the 1890s. This left conservative Democrats in power. Reform Democrats invited Populists to return to the Democratic Party in 1900. They reunited on the issues of railroad regulation and election reform (direct primary and poll tax). Ex-Populists founded the Farmers Union and used it as their mouthpiece. Reform efforts peaked with the election of Governor Thomas M. Campbell in 1906. The 1907 legislature was the most reform minded in Texas history, and fulfilled many of the demands of the Farmers Alliance, Populist Party, and Farmers Union. _____. "Ethnic Conflict
and Machine Politics in San Antonio, 1892-1899." Journal of Urban
_____. "Harrison County
Methods: Election Fraud in Late Nineteenth-Century Texas." Locus
1995 7(2): 111-128. Harrison
County used separate polling places for federal and state/local elections
because of trouble with federal authorities in the 1880s.
The author compares the honest federal election results with the
corrupt state/local results to gauge the level of corruption. It was enormous. Evidence
from elsewhere in Texas indicates Harrison County was not an anomaly.
Democratic corrupt election practices included stuffing ballot
boxes; voting by dogs, horses, mules, deceased citizens, famous national
figures, and illegally naturalized Mexicans; bribery; economic coercion;
physical intimidation; and murder. Such practices kept Republicans and Populists from office,
and prevented Populism from developing prominent Southern leaders, which
allowed westerners to define the movement in a way that contributed to its
failure in 1896. _____. "The Populist Return to the Democratic Party and Their Influence on the Progressive Movement in Texas, 1896-1906." Master's thesis, Trinity University, 1977. 208 pp. Summarized in Worth Robert. Miller, "Building a Progressive Coalition in Texas: The Populist-Reform Democrat Rapprochement, 1900-1907." Journal of Southern History. 52, no. 2 (May 1986): 163-82.
Morris, C. Gwin. "James
Harvey Cyclone Davis [1853-1940]: Texas Populist." Journal of
Student Association of Texas. 49-54. June 1971.
Nugent, Catherine, ed. Life
Work of Thomas L. Nugent. 398 p. Stephenville, Texas, Catherine
Nugent. 1896. An 1896
campaign document. Nugent
died in December, 1895. Good
information on Nugent whose moral outlook and personal qualities made him
the leader of Texas Populism.
Parsons, Stanley B.; Parsons,
Karen Toombs; Killilae, Walter; and Borgers, Beverly. "The Role of
Cooperatives in the Development of the Movement Culture of Populism."
Journal of American History 1983 69(4): 866-885.
Lawrence Goodwyn, Democratic Promise: The Populist Moment in
America (1976) argued that the failure of a substantial cooperative
movement in the Great Plains and Southern states during the 1880's led to
radical economic policy and political movement.
The authors use quantification to show that the supposed sequence
of steps from cooperatives to monetary reform to political action did not
materialize in any of the states examined, except possibly Texas.
Purington, Frances B. "The
Texas Gubernatorial Campaign of 1896." Master's thesis, University of
Texas, 1955.
Ranchino, James L. "The Work
and Thought of a Jeffersonian in the Populist Movement: James Harvey
'Cyclone' Davis." Master's thesis, Texas Christian University, 1964.
Riney, James Edward. "The
Farmers' Alliance in Wise County, Texas, 1880-1897." Master's thesis,
North Texas State University, 1979. 117 pages. MAI, 18, no. 03, (1979):
0206.
Rodriquez, Alicia Esther.
"Urban Populism: Challenges to Democratic Party Control in Dallas,
Texas: 1887-1900." Ph.D. dissertation, University of California,
Santa Barbara, 1998. DAI, 59,
no. 10A, (1998): 3942. The
democratic party in Dallas, Texas faced political challenges from two
organizations in the 1890s: a business-oriented leadership backed by urban
laborers comprised a non-partisan or independent faction of political
challengers, and urban workingmen who founded Dallas' People's party.
Populists sometimes aligned themselves with the independent faction
in municipal elections.
Ross, John Raymond. "Andrew
Jackson Spradley: A Texas Sheriff." Master's thesis, Stephen F.
Austin State University, 1973. As
the Populist sheriff of Nacogdoches Co., Spradley protected blacks.
Also see Fuller, A Texas Sheriff.
Ross, Chapin. "A Historical
and Critical Study of the Public Address of James Harvey 'Cyclone' Davis
(1853-1941) of Texas." PhD dissertation (Speech), University of
Southern California, 1969.
Scott, Stanley Howard.
"Angry Agrarian: The Texas Farmer, 1875-1896." 233 p. Ph.D.
dissertation, Texas Christian U, 1973. DAI
1974 34(9): 5885-A.
Seymour, Charles, ed. The
Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Arranged as a Narrative. 4 vols.
Boston: Houghton, 1926-1928. House
served as unofficial campaign manager to a series of increasingly
conservative, anti-Populist governors.
Smith, Ralph A. "A.J. Rose,
Agrarian Crusader of Texas." Ph.D. dissertation, U of Texas, 1938.
_____. "The Cooperative
Movement in Texas, 1870-1900." Southwestern Historical Quarterly.
48(3):346-69. January 1945.
_____. The Farmers' Alliance in
Texas, 1870-1900." Southwestern
Historical Quarterly. 48(3):346-69. Jan. 1945.
_____. "The Grange Movement
in Texas, 1873-1900." Southwestern Historical Quarterly.
42(4):297-315. April 1939.
_____. "'Macuneism,' or the
Farmers of Texas on Business." Journal of Southern History.
13(2):220-44. May 1947. Taylor,
Jon Edward. "Thomas Lewis Nugent: Portrait of a Populist
Leader." Master's thesis,
Terry, Ronald Ray. "A
Historical and Critical Analysis of the Texas Populist Lecture Bureau,
1895-1896." Master's thesis, Louisiana State University, 1973. 130 pp. Turner, James. "Understanding the Populists." Journal of American History 1980 67(2): 354-373. Contends that Populists were a fringe element, physically isolated and psychologically alienated from mainstream society. They believed themselves cruelly hoodwinked by more sophisticated men because they did not understand the complexities of the modern world. "Core" Populist counties tended toward self-sufficiency and ethnic-religious homogeneity. America: History and Life, 18A:7259
Wilkison, Kyle Grant. The End of
Independence: Social and Political Consequences of Economic Change in
Texas, 1870-1914." Ph.D. dissertation, Vanderbilt University, 1995.
DAI, 56, no. 05A, (1995): 1952.
Plain folk struggled to retain their family, work, church and
community-centered values. Communitarianism
defined everyday life, but class conflict, racism, and physical mobility
undermined community cohesion. Most protested the new economy, couching their critique in
the language of the fundamentalist plain folk church.
Includes Greenbackers, Populists, and Socialists.
Williams, Marshall L. "The
Political Career of Cyclone Davis." Master's thesis, East Texas State
Teacher's College, 1937.
Winkler, Ernest W. Platforms
of Political Parties in Texas. 700 p. Austin: U of Texas P, 1916.
Lists platform statements, convention officers, and party nominees.
Deals with all active political parties: Populists, Socialists,
Union Labor party, and Greenbackers.
A valuable research tool. Witherspoon, William Orville.
"Populism in Jack County, Texas." M.A. thesis, University of
North Texas, 1973. MAI, 12,
no. 03, (1973).
|