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Bailey, Fred Arthur. "Free
Speech and the Lost Cause in the Old Dominion." Virginia Magazine
of History and Biography 1995 103(2): 237-266.
Prominent post-Civil War Virginians fought democratic reforms by
attempting to impose antebellum aristocratic social values and rewrite
Southern history. Populism,
the Alliance, and the Granger were expressions of the Southern working
class's discontent with this oligarchy.
Beginning in the 1890, the establishment began to ban school
textbooks with "northern views."
The author surveys the biased textbooks used in southern schools.
Blake, Nelson M. William
Mahone of Virginia, Soldier and Political Insurgent. 323 p. Richmond,
Virginia: Garrett and Massie. 1935. Mahone's
Readjuster Movement was a forerunner of Populism.
Degler, Carl N. "Black and
White Together: Bi-Racial Politics in the South." Virginia
Quarterly Review 1971 47(3): 421-444.
The Readjuster Movement in Virginia during the 1880s under William
Mahone was the most successful instance of political cooperation between
blacks and whites in post-Civil War Virginia."
It aimed at breaking the Bourbon hold on Virginia politics. In the early 1880s, Readjusters elected a governor, state
legislature, two U.S. Senators, and a majority of the state's U.S.
Congressional delegation. They
scaled down the state debt ("Readjusted" it), expanded social
services, improved schools for both races, and abolished public whippings,
the poll tax, and dueling. Beginning
in 1883, Democrats used the race issue to defeat the movement.
Degler, Carl N. The Other South: Southern Dissenters in the Nineteenth
Century. New York: Harper & Row, 1974.
"A book about losers," white southerners who stood
against the dominant views and policies of the region, and were invariably
defeated, namely Antebellum critics of slavery, Unionists during the Civil
War, Republicans during Reconstruction, Readjusters, and Populists. The race issue continually weakened and suppressed class
conflict. Degler identifies a
"persistent Whiggery" among this "other South."
Populists did not object to the system, just wanted a fair chance
at prospering under it. Populism
attempted to forge an interracial alliance, but this destroyed the party.
Lindgren, James M. "The
Apostasy of a Southern Anti-Imperialist: Joseph Bryan, The
Spanish-American War, and Business Expansion." Southern Studies
1991 2(2): 151-178. Bryan
edited the Democratic Richmond Times and originally was
anti-imperialist. To undercut
Populism, he came to support expansionism and the war as the only way to
defeat radical ideas. He
believed economic recovery was possible only through the new imperialism.
Moger, Allen W. "The Rift in
Virginia Democracy in 1896." Journal of Southern History.
4(3):295-317. August 1938.
Moore, John Hammond. "James
Gavin Field: Virginia's Populist Spokesman [1892]." Virginia
Cavalcade. 9(4):35-41. Spring 1960.
Field was the Populist candidate for vice president in 1892.
_____. "The Life of James
Gavin Field, Virginia Populist." Master's Thesis, University of
Virginia, 1953.
Moore, James T. "The
University and the Readjusters." Virginia Magazine of History and
Biography 1970 78(1): 87-101.
Virginia's proto-Populist "Readjusters" opposed the
"best people" concept in educational opportunity and curricula
represented by the University if Virginia.
They promised major revisions in university operation, but, on the
whole, innovated wisely.
Russell, Phillips. "The
Plowboy from Edgefield." Virginia Quarterly Review. 8:514-29.
October 1932.
Saunders, Robert M.
"Progressive Historians and the late Nineteenth Century Agrarian
Revolt: Virginia as a Historiographical Test Case." Virginia
Magazine of History and Biography. 79(4): 484-92. October 1971.
Schlup, Leonard. "Adlai E.
Stevenson and the 1892 Campaign in Virginia." Virginia Magazine of
History and Biography 1978 86(3): 345-354.
Democratic Vice-Presidential nominee Adlai E. Stevenson campaigned
in Virginia during the 1892 campaign. His efforts headed off a serious
threat by the Populist Party and helped carry the state for the Democratic
Party.
Sheldon, William Dubose. Populism
in the Old Dominion: Virginia Farm Politics, 1885-1900. 182 p.
Princeton: Princeton U P, 1935. Populists
were mostly specialty, as opposed to general, farmers. Unique local factors weakened the Populist movement.
Spriggs, William Edward.
"The Virginia Farmers' Alliance: A Case Study of Race and Class
Identity." Journal of Negro History 1979 64(3): 191-204.
Because of limited contact and cooperation with the white Farmers'
Alliance (and racism), the Virginia Colored Alliance identified itself
more with its race.
Wade, John Donald. "Old Wine
in a New Bottle." Virginia Quarterly Review. 11(2):239-52.
April 1935. Populists
challenged the ways of "Great America."
Interesting, readable, but superficial. Wooldridge, William C. "The Sound and Fury of 1896. Virginia Democrats Face Free Silver." Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 1967 75(1): 97-108. Free silver advocates captured the Democratic Party in 1896. The ensuing bitter campaign and close election left few scars, because regular Democratic, "silverite," and Populists avoided actions which might have split the party. America: History and Life, 4:2646 Wynes, Charles E. Race
Relations in Virginia, 1870-1902. 164 p. Charlottesville, U of
Virginia P, 1961. The chief
impetus to disfranchisement and segregation came from Conservative and
Democratic Party leaders. |