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Argersinger,
Peter Hayes. The Limits of Agrarian Radicalism: Western Populism and
American Politics. Lawrence: UP of Kansas, 1995. A collection of nine of Argersinger's previously published
essays, with an original introduction.
"All explore in some fashion the ways in which western
Populism interacted with and was limited by the features of the American
political system." _____. "The Most Picturesque Drama: The Kansas Senatorial Election of 1891." Kansas Historical Quarterly. 38(1):43-64. Spring 1972. The election of William Alfred Peffer to the U.S. Senate in 1891 showed that the People's Party was dominated by recent Republicans, that the People's Party was seriously hampered by persistent factionalism, that the Democrats had little influence in the People's Party although they continually tried to influence its decisions, and that the Republican Party was willing to resort to the worst kind of sectional and partisan appeals to save its position in Kansas. America: History and Life, 10:3753. _____. "Pentecostal Politics in Kansas: Religion, the Farmers' Alliance, and the Gospel of Populism." Kansas Quarterly. 1(4):24-39. Fall 1969. Relationship between economic conditions, politics, and religious behavior.
_____.
Populism and Politics: William Alfred Peffer and the People's Party.
337 p. Lexington: U P of Kentucky, 1974.
Derived from his 1970 University of Wisconsin dissertation of the
same title. DAI, 33, no. 07A,
(1970): 3520. Both state
history and biography of Peffer, the Populist Senator from Kansas,
1891-1897. Focuses upon
Peffer primarily to illustrate changes within Populism.
Sees middle-of-the-road Populism of ex-Republicans like Peffer as
real Populism. Democrats and
fusion Populists primarily were opportunists.
_____.
"Populists in Power." Journal of Interdisciplinary History.
18(1):81-105. "Presents
roll-call analysis of Populist Kansas state Senators' support for reform
legislation. A Senator's occupation and home district were more
influential on voting behavior than education or religion.
Sectionalism and former affiliation also played a role. The more
rural the constituency, the more reformist the Senator. The Populist
majority in the Senate failed to carry out a reform agenda because a
faction consisting mainly of merchants and lawyers opposed reform. _____. "Road to a Republican Waterloo: The Farmers' Alliance and the Election of 1890 in Kansas." Kansas Historical Quarterly. 33(4):443-69. Winter 1967. Detailed history of Alliance growth and Populist campaign. Dissident farm groups, unhappy over poor economic conditions during the late 1880's, joined forces with the Democrats to unseat the entrenched Republicans. America: History and Life, 6:567
Barcus,
George L. "The People's Party." Master's thesis, U of Kansas,
1902.
Barr,
Elizabeth N. "The Populist Uprising." in Standard History of
Kansas and Kansans. Vol. II. p. 1115-1195, Chicago: Lewis, 1918.
Strongly pro-Populist.
Barton,
D. Scott. "Party Switching and Kansas Populism." The
Historian. 52:453-67. May 1990.
An
analysis of county voting records and census data indicates Republicans
suffered losses in some elections due to low voter turnout and the fusion
between the People's Party, Democratic Party, and former Union Labor Party
supporters. Few Republicans crossed over to the people's Party.
Bicha,
Karel Denis. "Jerry Simpson: Populist Without Principles." Journal
of American History. 54:291-306. September 1967. Unfavorable to
Simpson. Unfair.
_____.
Western Populism: Studies in an Ambivalent Conservatism. Lawrence:
Coronado Press, 1976. 163 pp.
Western Populists were essentially conservative, favoring the free
market, limited government, and state sovereignty.
Includes biographies of Jerry Simpson, William V. Allen, Lorenzo
Lewelling, and Davis Waite, although none are presented as a
representative Populist. Analysis of legislative activity concludes Populists were no
more likely to introduce reform legislation than others, and the scope of
their reform interests was more limited than others.
Reviewers found analysis less than persuasive.
Blumberg,
Dorothy Rose. "Mary Elizabeth Lease, Populist Orator: A
Profile." Kansas History. 1(1):1-15. 1978. Brodhead, Michael J. and Clanton, O. Gene. "G.C. Clemens: the 'Sociable' Socialist." Kansas Historical Quarterly 1974 40(4): 475-502. Gaspar Christopher Clemens was a radical Kansas Populist who turned Socialist, 1885-90's. America: History and Life, 14A:8790
Brodhead,
Michael J. "A Populist Survival: Judge Frank Doster in the
1920's." Kansas Historical Quarterly. 34(4):443-56. Winter
1968. A Populist leader after Populism wained.
_____.
"Judge Frank Doster: Kansas Populist and Reform Idealogue."
Ph.D. dissertation, U of Minnesota, 1967.
Dissertation Abstracts, 28:06A:2168. Doster 1849-1933, the
"Daniel Webster of Populism." Chief Justice Kansas State Supreme
Court 1896-1902.
_____.
"Populism and the Law: Some Notes on Stephen H. Allen." Kansas
Quarterly. 1(4):76-84. Fall 1969. Legal reform efforts of a lesser-known
Kansas Populist.
_____.
Persevering Populist: The Life of Frank Doster. 196 p. Reno: U of
Nevada P, 1969.
_____.
"The Early Career of E.W. Hoch, 1870‑1904." Master's
thesis, U of Kansas, 1962. Republican
Edward Wallace Hoch considered the Alliance and the Populists little
better than atheistic, anarchistic socialists.
Bull,
Floyd R. "A Story About the Populist Party." Chronicles of
Oklahoma. 34:116-18. Spring 1956. Letter to editor, Feb. 16, 1956,
reminiscing about Kansas Populist Party, 1892-93.
Burkholder,
Thomas Rowland. "Mythic Conflict: A Critical Analysis of Kansas
Populist Speechmaking, 1890-1894." 2 vols. Ph.D. dissertation (Speech
Communication), University of Kansas, 1988. DAI, 49, no. 11A, (1988):
3199. By appealing to values
implicit within the agrarian myth, Kansas Populist orators were able to
transcend diverse political ideologies and form a working coalition of the
various groups which made up the People's Party.
Populist orators successfully transformed the labor theory of
property implicit within the myth into a labor of theory of value which
appealed to Democratic, urban, industrial laborers.
Populist orators also extended the natural rights philosophy
implicit within the agrarian myth to include the natural right of all
citizens, male and female, to self-governance.
Because Democrats and urban laborers refused to endorse those
reforms, the rhetorical strategies grounded in the agrarian myth was
limited.
Butterfield,
J. Ware. "The Legislative War of 1893; Inside, Outside, and Back
Again." Transactions of the Kansas State Historical Society.
7:453-58. 1901-1902.
Byers,
Frederick. "Amazing Grace: The Kansas Populist Movement." Senior
honors thesis, Duke University, 1977. 91 pp.
Clanton,
Gene. "Intolerant Populist? The Disaffection of Mary Elizabeth
Lease." Kansas Historical Quarterly. 34(2):189-200. Summer
1968. Mrs. Lease's poor
relationship with Kansas Populists, 1893-1894.
_____.
Kansas Populism: Ideas and Men. 330 p. Lawrence: U of Kansas P,
1969. Kansas Populists and
their leaders were motivated by desire for reform.
Derived from Clanton's dissertation, "The Kansas Populists: A
Study of the Leadership and Ideology of the Kansas People's Party."
Dissertation Abstracts, 28:09A‑3597.
Examines leadership of Kansas Populist movement.
A collective biography showed most came from a band of states
stretching from New York to Iowa, were 46 years old in 1890, and resided
in Kansas since 1871. Most
were lawyers, although there was a sizeable minority of farmers who also
taught school or edited newspapers. The
author focused especially upon what they said and did.
Most were reformers before the economic collapse of the 1890s.
All believed in the efficacy of governmental intervention.
There were differences on specific issues like prohibition, woman's
suffrage and the subtreasury plan.
_____.
"Populism, Progressivism, and Equality: The Kansas Paradigm." Agricultural
History. 51(3): 559-81. 1977. Elite-egalitarian
dichotomy. Populism was a
rural, radically egalitarian movement of the disadvantaged classes.
Progressivism started among the small-town middle class as a
movement tin opposition to Populist radicalism.
Progressivism adopted some of the reform principles of Populism,
but remained elitist, seeking to broaden the opportunities for upward
mobility, rather than change society.
Many former Populists joined Progressivism after moderating their
positions.
_____.
"'A Rose by Any Other Name': Kansas Populism and Progressivism."
Kansas Quarterly. 1(4):105‑12. Fall 1969.
Excerpts from Clanton, Kansas Populism: Ideas and Men.
Clinton,
Katherine B. "What Did you Say, Mrs. Lease?" Kansas Quarterly.
1(4):52‑59. Fall 1969. Short
biographical essay.
Clugston,
William George. Rascals in Democracy. 836 pp. New York: Richard R.
Smith, 1940. His treatment of
Mary Elizabeth Lease is "highly inaccurate" according to
Clanton, Kansas Populism (see fn. 3, Chap. 5). Colwell, James L. "The Populist Image of Vernon Louis Parrington." Mississippi Valley Historical Review 1962/63 49(1): 52-66. Vernon Louis Parrington, according to most accepted scholarship, was reared in Kansas Populism, which so imbued him that he was a flaming liberal from the days of his adolescence. The author argues that on the basis of all available evidence Parrington was far from a radical in his Kansas period. On the contrary, his conversion to liberalism was far more complex and vacillating than is usually assumed. Richard Hofstadter, The Progressive Historians (1968) agrees, although he acknowledges Parrington was active in the People's Party while in Kansas. America: History and Life, 0:5088 Curtis, Peter H. "Lorenzo D. Lewelling: A Quaker Populist." Quaker History 1972 61(2): 113-115. Lorenzo D. Lewelling was an Iowan of Quaker parentage. He joined the Union Army as a teenager, worked with his hands, taught freedman, graduated from a Quaker college, and married by 1870. Widowed while superintendent of girls in an Iowa reform school, he remarried and moved to Wichita, Kansas, in 1887. He joined the People's Party in 1890 and won the Populist-Democratic nomination for governor because of his powerful opening address at the convention and his fusionist views. Republicans won the disputed legislative election and blocked Lewelling's program. His "Tramp Circular" against jailing unemployed vagrants won national publicity. His populism became socialist. America: History and Life, S:7731
Daniels,
Dawn. "Lorenzo D. Lewelling--A Leader of the Kansas Populists."
Master's thesis, Northwestern U, 1931.
Gov. of Kansas 1893-1895.
Davis,
Rodney D. "Prudence Crandall, Spiritualism, and the Populist-Era
Reform in Kansas." Kansas History. 3(4):239-54. 1980.
De
Casseres, Benjamin. "Ingalls of Kansas: John James Ingalls, 1833-1900."
American Mercury. 17:339-345.
A Republican who Populists found obnoxious.
They replaced him in the U.S. Senate with farm editor William A.
Peffer in 1891.
Denton,
Richard. "Anarchy and Populism in Kansas, 1886‑1891."
Paper presented to the 36th annual meeting of the Kansas Association of
Teachers of History and Social Sciences. Saline, Kansas. May 4 and 5,
1962.
Dew,
Lee A. "Populist Fusion Movements as an Instrument of Political
Reform, 1890‑1900." 136 p. Master's thesis, Kansas State
College, 1957.
Dick,
Paul R. "Jerry Simpson, Populist." Master's thesis, U of
Colorado, 1938.
Diggs,
Annie L. The Story of Jerry Simpson. 274 pp. Wichita: Jane Simpson,
1908. Diggs was active in the
Kansas Populist movement.
Divney,
James Purdy. "The Farmers' Populist Movement in Kansas: An Analysis
of Its Class Base and Political Practice." Ph.D. dissertation
(Sociology), University of Kansas, 1984.
DAI, 45, no. 08A, (1984): 2656.
The author attempts to identify the process through which Kansas
farmers formed a class and entered into political and ideological
struggles. He determined that a class' political and ideological
position is defined by its creative response to historically unique
problems, not by theory.
Ecroyd,
Donald H. "An Analysis and Evaluation of Populist Political Campaign
Speech Making in Kansas, 1890‑1894. 434 pp. Ph.D. dissertation
(Speech Communication), State U of Iowa, 1950. 427 pp.
Speech Monographs. 17:234-35. August 1950.
Fairchild,
George T. "Populism in a State Educational Institution, the Kansas
State Agricultural College." American Journal of Sociology.
3(3):392-404. November 1897. Fischer, Roger A. "Rustic Rasputin: William A. Peffer in Color Cartoon Art, 1891-1899." Kansas History 1988-89 11(4): 222-239. Kansas Populist and US Senator William Alfred Peffer became the political cartoonists' symbol of the People's Party. Through the creative talents of major Northeastern urban caricaturists of the day, Peffer probably achieved more prominence as a caricature than he did as a statesman. Peffer's early prominence and uniquely agrarian appearance made him an easy target for cartoon caricature. Seldom has an American political figure been so systematically misrepresented. Reprinted in Fischer's Them Damned Pictures: Explorations in American Political Cartoon Art. New Haven: Archon Books, 1996. America: History and Life, 28:5592
Fleming,
Elvis E. "'Sockless' Jerry Simpson: The New Mexico Years,
1902-1905." New Mexico Historical Review 69 (January 1994):
49-70. Simpson moved to New
Mexico for health reasons. He
became active in the political and economic live of his new home.
Flory,
Raymond. "The Political Career of Chester I. Long." Ph.D.
dissertation, U of Kansas, 1955. Republican
long defeated Jerry Simpson for re-election to the US House of
Representatives in 1894. Contains
good material on Simpson as a political foe. Folkerts, Jean Lange. "William Allen White's Anti-Populist Rhetoric as an Agenda-Setting Technique." Journalism Quarterly 1983 60(1): 28-34. William Allen White's fight against Kansas Populism advanced social and political issues favorable to business. America: History and Life, 22A:4434 Frank, Thomas. "The Leviathan with Tentacles of Steel: Railroads in the Minds of Kansas Populists." Western Historical Quarterly 1989 20(1): 37-54. Railroads argued that they served the public interest in order to get land subsidies. Afterward, they betrayed the public trust by operating exclusively on the profit motive. Populists, thus, called for government ownership and operation of railroads in the public interest. America: History and Life, 27:7067
Franks,
Keith. "Jerry Simpson: A Kansas Populist." Master's thesis,
Northwestern U, 1940.
Garretson,
O.A. "The Lewelling Family." Iowa Journal of History and
Politics. 37:548‑63. October 1929.
L.D. Lewelling was successful Populist candidate for governor of
Kansas, 1892.
Gibson,
Virginia Noah. "The Effect of the Populist Movement on Kansas State
Agricultural College." M.A. thesis, Kansas State College of
Agriculture and Applied Science, 1932. Goldberg, Michael Lewis. "An Army of Women": Gender and Politics in Gilded Age Kansas. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1997. Derived from "'An Army of Women': Gender Relations and Politics in Kansas Populism, The Woman Movement, and the Republican Party, 1879-1896." PhD dissertation, Yale University, 1992. DAI, 54(02A): 0656. Populism and the Woman Movement challenged the dominant Republican Party's political culture and political power. The urban-based Woman Movement activists espoused the ideology of a morally superior, all-inclusive non-partisan political sisterhood. But, its activists used notions of "respectability" to exclude those outside the non-urban middle class, especially farm women. The Farmers' Alliance created a cross-gender political culture based on the farm family. Alliance women were committed primarily to the economic and political reforms espoused by their party. With the formation of the Populist Party, many of the movement's leaders turned away from family politics and toward the (male) voter. By concentrating on issues concerning the voters' sense of manhood, Populist organizers marginalized women, who eventually dropped out of the movement, thus helping to dissolve the political community that they had been central in building. America: History and Life, 32:4389
Goldberg,
Michael L. "Non-partisan and All-Partisan: Rethinking Woman Suffrage
and Party Politics in Gilded Age Kansas." Western Historical
Quarterly 1994 25(1): 21-44. The
Kansas Woman Movement was a loose affiliation of groups that waged a
women's suffrage campaign in the 1890's.
Many of the women activists were prominent in Populist and
Republican partisan politics. The
balance they attempted to achieve in their commitment to both gender and
party was tenuous. Halcoussis, Dennis. "Economic Losses Due to Forecasting Error and the U.S. Populist Movement." Economic Inquiry 1996 34(2): 260-275. Economic loss increased during the height of the Populist movement and then decreased. Although new market opportunities must have made farmers better off, these opportunities increased the cost of price uncertainty. America: History and Life, 34:12173
_____.
"The Economic Foundation of the United States Populist
Movement." Ph.D. dissertation (Economics), University of
Pennsylvania, 1992. DAI, 53,
no. 07A, (1992): 2491. Quantitative
measures of farmers' economic welfare in Kansas and Nebraska are
calculated in order to examine the motivation of Populists.
The author found that deflation had only a small impact on farmers
holding nominal interest rate mortgage contracts.
Measures of economic well-being are correlated with Populist
support. Hankins, Barry. "Manifest Destiny in the Midwest: Selected Kansans and the Philippine Question." Kansas History 1985 8(1): 54-66. Most Kansans supported imperialism and the acquisition of the Philippine Islands in 1899. Populists John Davis and Jeremiah Botkin argued against taking the Philippines. William A. Peffer wrote a book in support of manifest destiny. America: History and Life, 24A:5398
Harrington,
Wynne P. "The Populist Party in Kansas." Kansas State
Historical Society, Collections. 16:403-450. 1925.
Derived from Master's thesis of the same title, U of Kansas, 1924.
131 pp.
Harrison,
Hortense M. "The Populist Delegation in the Fifty-Second Congress,
1891-1893." M.A. Thesis, University of Kansas, 1933. Haywood, C. Robert. "Populist Humor: The Fame of Their Own Effigy." Kansas History 1993 16(1): 34-41. Political humor served the big three of Kansas Populism better than it should have. Reformers Mary Elizabeth Lease, William A. Peffer, and Jerry Simpson provided ample opportunity for lampooning by political cartoonists, but Republicans and Democrats failed in their attempts to exploit these opportunities. Simpson even cashed in on his image as a farm-smart buffoon. America: History and Life, 31:12258
Howe,
Cecil. "Memories of Populists Still Vivid Forty Years after Their
Farewell." Kansas City (Mo.) Times. May 25, July 8, 1938.
Hunt, James L. "Populism, Law, and the Corporation: The 1897 Kansas Supreme Court." Agricultural History 1992 66(4): 28-54. Historians often disagree as to whether the populists were anti-capitalist. In Kansas in 1897, two of the three Supreme Court Justices were populists. Although showing sympathy for debtors, they most often upheld contract law. They did use the law in negligence cases to force corporations (especially railroads) to pay damages. The justices did not try to undermine the basis of capitalism. America: History and Life, 31:7953 Hurt, R. Douglas. "John R. Rogers: The Union Labor Party, Georgism and Agrarian Reform." Journal of the West 1977 16(1): 10-15. Reviews John R. Rogers, concentrating on his years in Kansas. As a member of the Greenback Party, and as a leader of the Union Labor Party, he attacked both major parties for unwillingness to deal with problems. While in Kansas he published the Newton Kansas Commoner. He left Kansas in 1890 and moved to Washington, where in 1896 he was elected governor. America: History and Life, 16A:2509 _____. "Populist-Endorsed Judges and the Protection of Western Labor." Journal of the West 1978 17(1): 19-26. Though commonly associated with agrarianism, the Populist movement also supported urban laborers (both out of philosophy and necessity) as shown by the pro-labor rulings of populist-endorsed judges of state supreme courts in Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, Washington, and Montana, 1893-1902. America: History and Life, 17A:2820
_____.
"Populist Judicial Response to Reform." 197 p. Ph.D.
dissertation, Kansas State University, 1975.
DAI 1975 36:05A:3021.
_____.
"The Populist Judiciary: Election Reform and Contested Offices."
Kansas History 1981 4(2): 130-141. _____. "Populists on the Kansas Supreme Court." Midwest Review 1982 4: 13-26. Discusses a number of cases heard by Populist justices Stephen H. Allen, Frank Doster, and David Martin on the Kansas Supreme Court regarding railroad and mortgage regulation, labor protection, and the adoption of the Australian secret ballot. America: History and Life, 20A:2974
LaGodna,
Martin M. "Kansas and the Ocala Convention of 1890: Groundwork of the
People's Party." M.A. thesis, Florida State U, 1962. 101 pp.
Lalande,
Jeff. "A 'Little Kansas' in Southern Oregon: The Course and Character
of Populism in Jackson County, 1890-1900." Pacific Historical
Review 63 (May 1894): 149-176.
_____.
"The Righteous Cause: Some Religious Aspects of Kansas
Populism." 365 pp. Ph.D. dissertation, U of Oregon, 1968.
Dissertation Abstracts, 29:07A:2184. Lengel, Leland L. "Radical Crusaders and a Conservative Church: Attitudes of Populists Toward Contemporary Protestantism in Kansas." American Studies [Lawrence, KS] 1972 13(2): 49-59. Populists attacked Protestant churches and churchmen for their alleged hypocrisy and corruption. Populists saw religion as a vehicle for social reform, and scorned those who lacked zeal for the crusade. America: History and Life, 13A:2444
Lindquist,
Emory. "The Swedish Immigrant and Life in Kansas." Kansas
Historical Quarterly. 29(1):1-24. Spring 1963. Swedes were attracted to Populist Party. Lovett, Christopher C. "'To Serve Faithfully': The Twenty-Third Kansas Volunteer Infantry and the Spanish-American War." Kansas History 1998-99 21(4): 256-275. Black leaders worked with Populist Governor John W. Leedy to have a two-battalion regiment of African-American troops raised in Kansas. Leedy called the 23d Kansas Volunteer Infantry into being to appease black leaders, further the Populist ideal of a coalition between the races, and to garner votes. Difficulty with the Topeka police force led to the battalions' departure for Cuba before training was complete. Arriving there in late August 1898, the regiment guarded Spanish prisoners and worked at supplying vital services to the San Luis province. America: History and Life, 36:9268
Lyman,
Burton E. "Voting Behavior of Kansas Communities 1862-1936 as
Measured by Pluralities for Governor and Secretary of State." M.A.
thesis, U of Kansas, 1937. MacCracken, Brooks W. "The Case of the Anonymous Corpse." American Heritage 1968 19(4): 50-53, 73-77. John W. Hillmon, a resident of Lawrence, Kansas, was accidentally shot and killed by a friend at Medicine Lodge. Upon examination, insurance officials did not believe the dead man was Hillmon. His wife disagreed and pressed the matter in six court battles between 1882 and 1903. With the Populist movement the case took on political overtones (his wife became the victim of eastern moneyed interests). Insurance firms eventually settled with her for $35,000, including accumulated interest. America: History and Life, 10:3756
MacFerran,
William, Jr. "Col. Hughes and the Legislative War." Shawnee
County Historical Society, Bulletin. 17:25-29. December 1952.
On the refusal of James W. F. Hughes, commanding the National Guard
of Kansas, to obey the order of L.D. Lewelling, Populist Governor of
Kansas, to expel Republican members of the House of Representatives in
1893.
Madden,
John Langston. "The Kansas Economy in Historical Perspective, 1860-1900."
Ph.D. dissertation, Kansas State U, 1968.
Malin,
James C. A Concern About Humanity: Notes on Reform, 1872-1912, at the
National and Kansas Levels of Thought. 229 pp. Lawrence, Kansas: The author, 1964.
_____.
"The Soft Winter Wheat Boom and the Agricultural Development of the
Upper Kansas River Valley." Kansas Historical Quarterly.
12:156-89. May 1943.
_____.
Winter Wheat in the Golden Belt of Kansas: A Study in Adaptation to
Subhumid Geographical Environment. 290 pp., illus., notes. Lawrence: U
of Kansas P, 1944.
Mason,
Joseph J. "The Populist Contest for the Kansas Legislature in 1892-1893."
Master's thesis, Kansas State College, Fort Hays, Kansas, 1958.
McCray,
D.O. "The Farmers' Alliance and the Populist Party."
Transactions of the Kansas State Historical Society. 1905-1906:
425-26 McFarlane, Larry A. "Nativism or Not? Perceptions of British Investment in Kansas, 1882-1901." Great Plains Quarterly 1987 7(4): 232-243. Opposition to alien landownership in Kansas was an element of Populist rhetoric. Anti-alien landholding laws were promoted by both Republicans and Populists. They represented regional rather than party prejudices. Nativism was not the major element in the campaign against alien ownership in Kansas. Traditional Anglophobia and the fear of foreclosures and farm failures were the crucial factors. America: History and Life, 26:10806 McMath, Robert C. Jr. "Preface to Populism: The Origin and Economic Development of the Southern Farmers' Alliance in Kansas." Kansas Historical Quarterly. 42(1):55-65. 1976. Ex-Populist William F. Rightmire claimed that Union Labor Party leaders imported the Southern Farmers Alliance into Kansas after the 1888 general elections in order to further their political agenda. McMath shows that the Southern Alliance had appeared in Kansas before Rightmire's date. Farmers joined because they could save money on supplies and make more profit on their produce. He does not dismiss the political role of the Alliance, but considers the economic interests more important. America: History and Life, 15A:5979
McNall,
Scott G. The Road to Rebellion: Class Formation and Kansas Populism,
1865-1900. 354 pp. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1988.
McNeal,
T.A. When Kansas Was Young. 287 pp. New York: Macmillan, 1922.
Folksy. Includes light treatment of Populist Party and leaders.
Michaels, Patricia. "C.B. Hoffman, Kansas Socialist." Kansas Historical Quarterly 1975 41(2): 166-182. Christian Balzac Hoffman became wealthy by investing in milling, real estate sales, banking, farm machinery manufacturing, and publishing. He showed interest in socialistic enterprises by sponsoring a cooperative in Kansas City and a communal settlement at Topolobambo, Mexico. When the Republican and People's Parties failed to accomplish genuine economic and social reforms, Hoffman joined the Socialist Party after 1900, and became one of its most ardent champions. America: History and Life, 13A:6841
Miller,
Timothy A. "Religion and Populism: A Reassessment." Religion:
The Scholarly Journal of Kansas School of Religion at the University of
Kansas. January 8, 1971.
Miller,
Raymond Curtis. "The Background of Populism in Kansas." Mississippi
Valley Historical Review. 11(4):469-89. March 1925.
_____.
"The Economic Basis of Populism in Kansas." 62 pp. M.A. thesis,
U of Chicago, 1923. _____. "The Populist Party in Kansas." Ph.D. dissertation, U of Chicago, 1928. 341 pp. Abstracts of Theses, Humanistic Series, v. 6, pp. 215-18. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1928.
Miller, Worth
Robert.
Miner,
H. Craig. "The Oskaloosa Octopus: Jobbers, "Popocrats," and
the Santa Fe Railway's False Receivership, 1896." Kansas
Historical Quarterly 1972 38(4): 445-456.
A Populist judge cited an 1891 Kansas law prohibiting any
corporation with more than 20 percent of their securities held by
foreigners from possessing land in Kansas in an 1891 case involving the
Santa Fe Railroad.
The railroad won on appealed.
Some see Populists attacking a corporation.
Others claim Republican businessmen who hoped to profit from the
railroad's losses. Nugent, Walter T.K. "How the Populists Lost in 1894." Kansas Historical Quarterly 1965 31(3): 245-255. Populists endorsed prohibition and woman's suffrage in 1894, which Democrats found totally unacceptable. the third party's victory in 1892 had depended on fusion with Democrats, which subsequently failed in 1894. America: History and Life, 3:1008 ____. "Some Parameters of Populism." Agricultural History 1966 40(4): 255-270. Populism was primarily a political response to economic trouble. A study of groups of Republicans and Populists in Kansas in 1889-92 indicates that the sociological differences were not great, but a much larger percentage of the Populists were farmers and their economic situations were more precarious. Populists were less speculative. America: History and Life, 4:755
_____.
The Tolerant Populists: Kansas, Populism and Nativism. 256 p.
Chicago, U of Chicago P, 1963. There
is no direct association between Populism and nativism.
Derived from his PhD dissertation, "Populism and Nativism in
Kansas, 1888-1900." University of Chicago, 1961. Kansas Populist were
neither nativistic nor antisemitic. The
movement was rational, humane, and democratic.
Discussion of alien land ownership were aimed at absentee
syndicates, not actual settlers. Symbols
like "Shylock" and "Rothschild" referred to
international bankers, and seldom to Jews.
Populists vehemently opposed the nativistic American Protective
Association. Foreign-born
Kansans participated at every level of the Populist movement.
Instead of searching for scapegoats, as Richard Hofstadter and
other have suggested, Kansas Populism was founded on real economic
grievances and was progressive in orientation.
Ostler,
Jeffrey. Prairie Populism: The Fate of Agrarian Radicalism in Kansas,
Nebraska, and Iowa, 1880-1892. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas,
1993. Derived from, "The
Fate of Populism: Agrarian Radicalism and State Politics in Kansas,
Nebraska, and Iowa, 1880-1892." PhD dissertation, University of Iowa,
1990. 487 pages.
DAI, v. 51-12A, p. 4287. Agricultural
crisis caused a political crisis in Kansas and Nebraska, but not in Iowa.
In Kansas and Nebraska, the GOP overwhelmingly dominated politics. Rejection by those who governed the Kansas and Nebraska
political systems explains the higher level of farmer radicalism in those
states. The competitiveness
of Iowa politics caused each major party to accommodate farmer complaints
for fear the other might engross the farmer vote and leave their own party
as a permanent minority. The
success of the Iowa Farmers Alliance in securing an elective railroad
commission in 1888, committed Alliance leaders to a web of political
obligations that bound them to the major parties.
Working within the contemporary political system likewise explains
Iowa Alliancemen's failure to adopt a comprehensive economic program or a
substantial critique of the existing political order.
_____. "The Rhetoric of Conspiracy and the Formation of Kansas Populism." Agricultural History 1995 69(1): 1-27. Kansas Populism of the late 1880's and early 1890's, while generally progressive, was nonetheless partly inspired and animated by the rhetoric of conspiracy. Sarah E. Van De Vort Emery's popular pamphlet Seven Financial Conspiracies Which Have Enslaved the American People (1887), widely distributed by the Union Labor Party and the People's Party, spread the belief that a cabal of British and Eastern bankers was responsible for the post-Civil War contraction of the currency. America: History and Life, 33:6296 _____. "Why the Populist Party Was Strong in Kansas and Nebraska But Weak in Iowa." Western Historical Quarterly 1992 23(4): 451-474. Economic hardship is inadequate to explain why the People's Party was successful in the election of 1892 in Nebraska and Kansas but not in neighboring Iowa. A third party developed in Nebraska and Kansas but not in Iowa because there the Iowa Farmers' Alliance-led reform movement achieved some influence within the two-party system. In Kansas and Nebraska, the Democratic Party remained weak and irrelevant. Unable to gain the support of the Republicans, the reformists turned to the People's Party for help, sweeping the 1892 elections. America: History and Life, 32:1906
Pankratz,
Richard Dean. "A Study of the Continuity in Leadership and Platforms
between the Kansas Alliance and the Populist Party." Master's thesis,
Emporia Kansas State College, 1968. 84
pp. Parrish, William E. "The Great Kansas Legislative Imbroglio of 1893." Journal of the West 1968 7(4): 471-490. Populists swept almost all Kansas state offices in 1892. But, both Populists and Republicans claimed a majority in the state House of Representatives. The state supreme court ruled in favor of the Republicans in February, 1893. Populist's role as obstructionists cost them much popularity.America: History and Life, 7:909 Paulson,
Ross E. Radicalism and Reform: The Vrooman Family and American Social
Thought, 1837-1937. 299 p. Lexington: U of Kentucky P, 1968.
Greenbackism, Populism, and reform in Kansas, c. 1870s-1930s.
Pearson,
Daniel Merle. "Swedish Immigrants and the Early Populist Movement in
Kansas, 1890-1894." Master's thesis, University of Minnesota, 1964.
176 pages. Peterson, John M. "The People's Party of Kansas: Campaigning in 1898." Kansas History 1990-91 13(4): 235-258. Analyzes 250 pieces of recently discovered correspondence relating to the Kansas Populist campaign in 1898. They appealed particularly to blacks and Germans. The Kansas People's Party in 1898 was "an orderly political organization which conducted well-organized campaigns at all levels down to the township or precinct." America: History and Life, 29:3388
Petrwosky,
Clarence Leo. "Kansas Agriculture Before 1900." Ph.D.
dissertation, U of Oklahoma, 1968. Dissertation
Abstracts, 28:09A:3615. Concerned
mainly with non‑political aspects of Kansas agricultural history,
but good background.
Piehler,
Harold Richard. "Henry Vincent: A Case Study in Political
Deviancy." Ph.D. dissertation, American Studies, University of
Kansas, 1971. Vincent and his
brother, Leo, operated the American Nonconformist, a Union Labor
and Populist newspaper. The
Vincents were important in organizing the Populist victory in Cowley
County in 1889, and in the statewide victory in 1890.
They moved the Nonconformist to Indianapolis in 1891. _____. "Henry Vincent: Kansas Populist and Radical-Reform Journalist." Kansas History 1979 2(1): 14-25. A summary of Piehler's Ph.D. dissertation. Vincent was influential in organizing and guiding the People's Party to victory in Cowley County in 1889 and in the state of Kansas in 1890. America: History and Life, 18A:3003 Pratt, William C. "Historians and the Lost World of Kansas Radicalism." Kansas History Winter 2007 / 2008 30(4): 270-291. Historiography of Knights of labor, Populists, Socialists, Wobblies, the Farmers' Union, and Nonpartisan League.
Preshaw,
Ada. "The Populistic Movement in Kansas." 38 pp. M.A. thesis,
Columbia U, 1926.
Press,
Donald E. "Kansas Conflict: Populist Versus Railroader in the
1890s." Kansas Historical Quarterly 1977 43(3): 319-333.
In the 1890's, Kansas Populists alarmed railroaders by calling for
maximum freight rates and state ownership of the railroads.
They were able to agree on railroad legislation only at a
last-minute session after their defeat in 1898, when they created the
Court of Visitation, with broad regulatory powers.
The Republican- controlled state supreme court declared the
legislation unconstitutional two years later.
Many of the measures that the Populists advocated in the 1890's,
including a maximum freight rate, became law under the Republicans in the
succeeding decade.
Rich,
Mary A. "Railroads and the Agrarian Interests of Kansas,
1865-1915." Master's thesis, University of Virginia, 1960.
Rickard,
Louise Elaine. "The Impact of Populism on Electoral Patterns in
Kansas, 1880-1900: A Quantitative Analysis." 227 p. Ph.D.
dissertation, University of Kansas, 1974.
DAI 1975 36(2):1050-A.
Riddle,
Thomas W. The Old Radicalism: John R. Rogers and the Populist Movement
in Washington. NYC: Garland Pub., 1991.
Rogers lived in Harvey County, Kansas from 1876 to 1890.
Unrevised 1976 Washington State University dissertation.
DAI37(08):5309. A
Neo-republican interpretation. Populism
was a product of agrarian, as opposed to commercial, republicanism.
Intellectual roots traced back to Founding Fathers.
John R. Rogers, Populist and Democratic governor of Washington
(1897-1901), was an articulate spokesman for agrarian republicanism.
After he moved to Washington in 1890 he became a progressive,
although pragmatic politician. he
broke with more radical Populist and became a Democrats for his second
term as governor.
Rightmire,
W.F. "The Alliance Movement in Kansas--Origin of the People's
Party." Transactions of the Kansas State Historical Society.
9:1-8. 1906. Reprinted in Kansas
State Historical Society Collections, 17:730‑33. 1938.
Union Labor Party leaders imported the Southern Farmers' Alliance
into Kansas for overt political purposes.
Some factual errors.
Sandefur,
Ray Harold. "Analysis of Selected Public Speeches of John James
Ingalls." Ph.D. dissertation, U of Iowa, 1950. Contends that Ingalls voted the interests of Kansas and the
Populists. Populists felt
otherwise and replaced him with farm editor, William A. Peffer in 1891. Scott, Myron C. "A Congressman and His Constituents: Jerry Simpson and the Big Seventh. M.A. thesis, Fort Hays Kansas State College, 1959. Seiler, William H. "Magazine Writers Look at Kansas, 1854-1904." Kansas Historical Quarterly 1972 38(1): 1-42. Examines 80 articles on Kansas that appeared in more than 35 journals during the first 50 years of Kansas history. Topics included slavery, local politics, territorial strife, Populism, geography, geology, social life, natural resources, flora, fauna, and prohibition. America: History and Life, 10:3757
Shepard,
John C. "The State Senatorial and Gubernatorial Career of John W.
Leedy, Kansas Populist,
Sinisi,
Kyle S. "Veterans as Political Activists: The Kansas Grand Army of
the Republic, 1880-1893." Kansas History 1991 14(2): 89-99.
Between 1865 and 1890, the Grand Army of the Republic, the Civil
War veterans' group, avoided partisan politics in Kansas in favor of
promoting issues like veteran's pensions. With the rise of the Populist party, the GAR felt compelled
to support its Republican benefactors publicly.
The result was a reduced influence for the GAR.
Smith,
Harold R. "Populist Study in Need of Revision: A Case Study of Kearny
County, Kansas, in the Populist Era." 189 p. M.A. thesis, Fort Hays
Kansas State College, 1969.
Socolofsky,
Homer E. Arthur Capper: Publisher, Politician and Philanthropist.
283 pp. Lawrence: U of Kansas P, 1962.
Includes brief accounts of Jerry Simpson and other Populists.
_____.
"William Scully: His Early Years in Illinois, 1850-1865." Journal
of the West 1965 4(1): 41-55.
Stiller,
Richard. Queen of the Populists: The Story of Mary Elizabeth Lease.
245 pp. New York: Crowell, 1970. Juvenile.
Stuart,
Ralph Hutcheson. "The Populist Party in Sedgwick County."
Master's Thesis (Political Science), Wichita State University, 1932. 137
pages. Wichita, the home of
Populist Governor Lorenzo D. Lewelling, is located in Segwick County.
Svenson,
Karl A. "The Effect of Popular Discontent on Political Parties in
Kansas." Ph.D. University of Iowa, 1948.
_____.
"Third Party Legislators." Kansas Bar Association, Journal.
17:293:316. February 1949. Populists
in the Kansas legislature, 1890-1903.
Taylor,
Betty L. "Mary Elizabeth Lease, Kansas Populist." M.A. thesis, U
of Wichita, 1951. 58 pp.
Wagner,
Mary Jo. "Farms, Families, and Reform: Women in the Farmers' Alliance
and Populist Party." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Oregon, 1986.
DAI, 47, no. 07A, (1986). Women
contributed to the organization, philosophy, and political platforms of
the Farmers' Alliance and Populist Party.
Often, their writings and speeches espoused traditional female
values. They left home for long periods of time to campaign for the
new party, often emphasizing temperance and woman suffrage.
They did not perceive a contradiction between domesticity and
political work, but incorporated the ideology of domesticity into the
larger goals of Populism. Although
Populist women did not win suffrage and temperance planks at national
Populist conventions, they did acquire valuable political experience in
the public sphere and form important networks with other women.
Walbourn,
Edwin J., Jr. "Rump Legislature of Kansas, 1893: An Evaluation."
M.A. thesis, Kansas State College of Pittsburg, 1950.
Warner,
Martha A. "Kansas Populism: A Sociological Analysis." M.A.
thesis (sociology), U of Kansas, 1956. 161 pp.
Weisgerber,
Virginia Edna. "The Kansas Spellbinders in the Populist Party
Campaign of 1890." M.A. thesis, U of Wisconsin, 1942.
125 pp. Whitehead, Fred, "The Kansas Response to the Haymarket Affair," Kansas History 9(2): 72-82. Summer, 1986.
Whitlock,
Marshall Reed. "The Constitutional Beliefs of the Kansas Populists,
1890-1900." Master's thesis, Wichita State University, 1975. 167 pp.
Williams, Burton John. "John James
Ingalls: A Personal Portrait of a Public
_____.
"The Kansas Alliance vs. 'Mr. Republican': The Case for the
Accused." Kansas Quarterly. 1(4):40‑48. Fall 1969. John J. Ingalls, U.S. Senator, 1873-1891 (Mr. Republican),
and Populist opposition to political privilege. Williams,
Jeffrey. "Economics and Politics: Voting Behavior in Kansas During
the Populist Decade." Explorations in Economic History.
18(3):233-56. 1981. Economic
issues (railroad monopoly and changes in income and wealth) are more
useful in explaining election results than religious and cultural factors. Indirect economic forces (commercialization) played a
subordinate role. |