1. Provide a PHYSIOLOGICAL definition of each term. (20 points).
- long-loop feedback
- synergism
- exocrine pancreas
- chorionic gonadotropin
- latent period
- motor unit
- pacemaker potential
- t-tubule
- rigor mortis
- pyloric tone
2. Complete the following table of hormones. (40 points)
|
Hormones |
Sources |
Stimuli |
Targets |
Effects |
|
|
liver, kidney, |
|
bone marrow |
|
|
|
ovary |
|
|
growth |
|
|
|
plasma [glucose] plasma [AA] |
most cells |
|
|
GIP |
|
|
stomach, pancreas |
|
|
|
|
”plasma Na or “ K, angiotensin |
|
” Na and “K excreted in urine |
|
|
|
LH |
Male repro tract, other tissues |
|
|
Parathormone |
|
|
|
“ plasma Ca++, activate Vit.D |
|
|
adrenal medulla |
|
most tissues |
|
|
Growth Hormone |
|
|
most tissues, liver |
|
|
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone |
|
|
|
“ corticotropin secretion |
|
Vasopressin |
|
AP from hypothalamas (low BP) |
|
|
|
|
|
AP from nipple mechanoreceptors |
adenohypophysis |
|
|
|
|
|
mammary gland |
milk synthesis
|
3. Explain how the hypothalamus controls the functions of the pituitary. (5 points)
4. Select two hormones that are secreted as precursors, and explain where the precursor is made, where the hormone is activated, and what the active hormones do. (5 points)
5. Rewrite the following events in order, starting with a relaxed skeletal muscle. (10 points)
actin/myosin crossbridge formed
myosin becomes energized
EPP
myosin angle decreases (power stroke)
exocytosis of Ach
tropomyosin covers binding sites
ATP breaks crossbridge
6. Explain how tetanus occurs in vivo, and what purpose it serves. (5 points)
7. In what functional way(s) are “fast” and “slow” skeletal muscle fibers different? How are “oxidative” and “glycolytic” fibers different? (5 points)
8. In each blank, list all the muscle types (skeletal, smooth, cardiac) for which the statement is true. (10 points)
Use extracellular calcium
Use troponin
Use gap junctions (or equivelent)
Use ATP for contraction
Have motor end-plates
Have spike potentials
Have own muscle tone
Single-unit and multi-unit
Striated appearance
Ca++ dependent Ca++ channels