HOMEOSTASIS
    Pools
    Negative feedback
        Sensory receptors
        Integrator
        Effectors
    Positive feedback
    Location of feedback components
        Nervous
        Hormonal

MISC BASIC CONCEPTS
    Local
   Bulk flow vs diffusion
    Phasic vs tonic
    Graded vs all-or-none
    Mass action
    Active vs inactive states

CHEMICAL MESSENGERS
    Types
    Protein receptors
    Examples
         Ion channels
         2^nd messengers
                cascades
    hybrid (Ca++)

MEMBRANE POTENTIALS
    Ions - osmotic forces
            - electrical forces
    Permeability
    Equilibrium potentials

ACTION POTENTIALS
    Ion channel activity
    D Membrane Potential
          Hypopolarizations
          Refractory period
    Initiation
    Neuron structure
        Propagation
                conduction velocity
               myelination

SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION
    Process
    Neurotransmitters
    Post-synaptic responses
        excitatory post-synaptic potentials
        inhibitory post-synaptic potentials
        post-synaptic integration

NEURAL PATTERNS
    Convergence
    Divergence
    Reverberating Circuits

ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
    Central Nervous System
    Peripheral Nervous Systems
    Glial Cells

SPINAL REFLEXES
    Monosynaptic
    Polysynaptic

BRAIN
    Mapping
    Memory

EFFERENT NERVES
    Somatic
    Sympathetic
    Parasympathetic

SENSORY RECEPTORS (Generic)
    Classifications
    Information Coding
            localization (where?)
            type of stimulation (what?)
            intensity (how strong?)
    Initiation of Action Potentials
            receptor potentials
    Sensory Adaptation

MECHANORECEPTORS
    Pancinian corpuscles
    Golgi-tendon receptors
    Muscle-spindle receptors
    Hair cells: rotation
            static head position
            hearing

PHOTORECEPTORS
    Rods
    Cones

THERMORECEPTORS

CHEMORECEPTORS
    Taste
    Smell

NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY

ENDOCRINOLOGY
    Comparisons between the nervous and endocrine systems
    Comparisons between neurotransmitters and hormones
            precursors
            rhythms
            carrier proteins
            synergism (non-additive interactions)
    Hormone chemistry
    Hormone secretion stimuli
            long-loop feedback

SPECIFIC GLANDS & HORMONES
    Hypothalamus
            gonadotropin releasing hormone
            thyrotropin releasing hormone
            corticotropin releasing hormone
            growth hormone releasing hormone
            somatostatin
            dopamine
    Adenohypophysis
            luteinizing hormone
            follicle stimulating hormone
            thyrotropin (=thyroid stimulating hormone)
            corticotropin (=adrenocorticotropic hormone)
            growth hormone
            prolactin
    Neurohypophysis
            oxytocin
            vasopressin (=anti-diuretic hormone)
    Thyroid
            thyroxine and triiodothyronine
    Ca++ regulating hormones
            vitamin D (=cholecalciferol)
            parathormone
            calcitonin
    Adrenal Medulla
            epinepherine
    Adrenal Cortex
            aldosterone (a mineralocorticoid)
            cortisol (a glucocorticoid)
            androgens
    Digestive hormones
            gastrin
            secretin
            cholecystokinin
            gastric inhibitory peptide (=glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide)
    Pancreatic hormones
            insulin
            glucogon
            somatostatin
    Reproductive hormones
            testosterone (an androgen)
            estrogens
            progesterone (a progestin)
    Misc hormones
            melatonin
            angiotensin
            atrial natriuretic hormone
            endothelin
            erythropoietin
            leptin

SKELETAL MUSCLE
    Structure (macro --> micro)
    Excitation
    Excitation-Contraction Coupling
    Contraction
            sliding filaments
            ratcheting myosin
    Relaxation

WHOLE MUSCLE CHARACTERISTICS
    Control of contraction force (spatial & temporal summation)
    Control of contraction duration (tetanus)
    Length / Force relationship

SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBER TYPES
    Oxidative - slow
    Oxidative - fast
    Glycolytic - fast

SMOOTH MUSCLE
    Structural differences (from skeletal)
    Single-unit vs multi-unit
    Excitation
    Action potentials
    Contraction/relaxation

CARDIAC MUSCLE
    Structural differences & similarities (with skeletal and smooth)
    Excitation
    Action potentials
    Contraction/relaxation

RESPIRATORY STRUCTURES
    Airway functions
    Alveoli
    Thoracic cage

VENTILATION
    Physics of bulk flow
    Intraplural fluid pressure and alveolar size
    Inhalation
    Exhalation
        passive
        forceful (=active)

RESPIRATORY PATTERNS
    Calculation of ventilation (rate)
    Dead space and "alveolar ventilation"

REGULATION OF RESPIRATION
    Inspiratory neurons (medulla)
        AP pattern to adjust RR
        AP pattern to adjust SV
    Chemoreceptors
        oxygen
        CO2 (pH)

VENTILATION EFFORT
    Surfactants
    Airway resistance

BLOOD
    Components
        plasma
        cells
        platelets

RBC
    Oxyhemoglobin binding
    Bohr shift
    Carboxyhemoglobin

HEMOSTASIS
    Vascular spasm
    Platelet plug
    Coagulation
         intrinsic cascade
         extrinsic cascade
         thrombin
         fibrin

IMMUNE SYSTEM
    WBC
    Organs & vessels
    Immune responses
        non-specific
            barriers
            inflammation
            phagocytosis
        specific
            B-lymphocytes & antibodies
            T-lymphocytes & antibody-like surface proteins

CARDIAC FUNCTION
    Basic structures
pacemaker cells
        conduction cells
    Mechanics of valves
    Cardiac cycle
    Control of the Heart
        heart rate
        stroke volume

VASCULAR SYSTEM
    Major arteries (elastin)
    Arterioles (control blod flow to tissues & TPR)
    Capillaries (exchange of materials)
    Veins (valves)
    Lymphatic vessels

REGULATION OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM (short-term)
    Integrator (medulla)
    Baroreceptors
    Chemoreceptors
    Efferent signals
    Effectors
    XBP = (HR)(SV)(TPR)

RENAL FUNCTION
    Glomerular filtration
    Tubular reabsorption
    Tubular secretion
    Loop of Henle
    Collecting Duct

RENAL REGULATION
    Osmolarity of body fluids
        osmoreceptors (+)
atrial baroreceptors (-)
        hypothalmic integration
    Volume of body fluids
baroreceptors
CV control center (medulla)
        adjustment of GFR
        renin - angiotensen - aldosterone
       adjustment of NaCl reabsorption

MICTURITION
    Positive feedback (stretch receptor + smooth muscle)
    Opening of sphinctor

EXAM III

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
    Structures (macro)
    Flow (= dynamics)
    Microanatomy
    Movements
            peristalsis
            segmentation

DIGESTIVE FUNCTIONS
    Mouth
    Esophagus
    Stomach
            corpus (= body)
            antrum
            pyloric sphinctor
    Small Intestine
            pancreatic secretions
            bile
    Large Intestine
            defecation
    Liver

DIGESTION & ABSORPTION
    Carbohydrates
    Proteins
    Lipids
    Nucleic acids
    Misc absorption

REGULATION OF DIGESTION
    Receptors
    Effectors
    Short reflex
    Long reflex
    Endocrine control

FATE OF NUTRIENTS

METABOLISM
    BMR
    Activity
    Thermoregulation

MALE REPRODUCTION
    Structures (macro)
    Embrionic development
    Endocrinology
    Sperm maturation phases
    Sperm transfer to female repro tract
            erection
            emission
            ejaculation

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLES
    Ovarian cycle
     spontaneous vs induced ovulation
    Uterine cycle (= endometrial)
    Endocrine cycles

FERTILIZATION

IMPLANTATION

PLACENTA
    Formation
    Functions
    Hormones

PREGNANCY

PARTURITION
    Onset
    Positive feedbacks

LACTATION
    Milk production
    Milk let-down

CONTRACEPTION

EXAM IV